Alexandre wa VI ni papa Roma icyibuka

HARI igitabo kigira kiti “Kiliziya Gatolika ntishobora kubona amagambo akarishye bihagije yo kwamagana Alexandre wa VI” (Geschichte der Päpste seit dem Ausgang des Mittelalters [Amateka avuga ku ba papa kuva mu mpera z’igihe rwagati]). Ikindi cyo cyagize kiti “nta wabona aho ahera amurengera. . . Tugomba kwemera ko igihe yamaze ku bupapa kidahesha Kiliziya icyubahiro. Nubwo abantu babayeho mu gihe kimwe n’abari bagize umuryango wa Borgia bahoraga babona ibikorwa bibi, ibyo abagize uwo muryango bakoraga byo byari byarabakuye umutima. Nubwo hashize ibinyejana bisaga bine ibyo bibaye, na n’ubu ntibiribagirana.”—L’Église et la Renaissance (1449-1517) (Kiliziya mu gihe cy’Ivugurura).

Kuki ibitabo abantu bubaha by’amateka ya Kiliziya Gatolika ya Roma, bivuga amagambo akarishye atyo kuri papa n’abagize umuryango we? Bakoze ibiki bituma bajorwa bene ako kageni? Mu imurika ry’ibitabo n’amashusho ryabereye i Roma kuva mu Kwakira 2002 kugeza muri Gashyantare 2003, ryiswe I Borgia—l’arte del potere (Uburyo umuryango wa Borgia wategetse), ryatumye abantu bongera kwibuka ubutegetsi bw’ubupapa, ariko by’umwihariko ubwa Rodrigo Borgia, ari we Alexandre wa VI (wabaye papa hagati y’umwaka wa 1492 n’uwa 1503).

Uko yabaye papa

Rodrigo Borgia yavukiye mu muryango ukomeye w’i Játiva, mu bwami bwa Aragon muri Hisipaniya, mu mwaka wa 1431. Nyirarume, Alfonso de Borgia wari musenyeri wa Valence, yakurikiraniraga hafi imyigire ya bishywa be kandi igihe Rodrigo yari akiri ingimbi, yamuhaye akazi mu gipadiri amugenera n’umushahara. Rodrigo ageze ku myaka 18, yagiye kwiga amategeko mu Butaliyani abifashijwemo na Alfonso icyo gihe wari warabaye karidinali. Igihe Alfonso yabaga Papa Calixtus wa III, yagize Rodrigo hamwe n’undi mwishywa we abakaridinali. Uwitwa Pere Lluís Borgia yagizwe guverineri w’imijyi nyinshi. Bidatinze, Rodrigo yaje kungiriza ushinzwe imari muri Kiliziya, akaba yaragumye kuri uwo mwanya mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwa ba papa benshi. Uwo mwanya wamufashije kugira umutungo mwinshi, aba umukungu, agira ububasha, kandi abaho nk’umwana w’umwami.

Rodrigo yari umunyabwenge, yari intyoza, yashyigikiraga imyuga kandi yari afite ubushobozi bwo kugera ku ntego ze. Icyakora, yariyandarikaga cyane ku buryo yaje kubyarana abana bane n’inshoreke ye yari izwi kandi abyarana n’abandi bagore abandi bana. Nubwo Papa Piyo wa II yamucyahiye imyifatire ye yarangwaga  n’ “ubwiyandarike” no “kwishimisha bitagira rutangira,” Rodrigo ntiyigeze abireka.

Igihe Papa Innocent wa VIII yapfaga mu mwaka wa 1492, abakaridinali ba Kiliziya bateraniye gutora uzamusimbura. Birazwi ko Rodrigo Borgia yemereye bagenzi be b’abakaridinali impano z’akataraboneka agakoresha n’ubundi bucakura bwose kugira ngo bamutore abe Papa Alexandre wa VII. Yishyuye ate ayo majwi abakaridinali bamuhaye? Yabahaye imyanya muri Kiliziya, amazu manini y’imitamenwa, imijyi, ibigo by’abapadiri n’ababikira, abandi abegurira za diyosezi zinjizaga amaturo atubutse. Ushobora kwiyumvisha impamvu hari umuhanga mu by’amateka ya Kiliziya wise ubutegetsi bwa Alexandre wa VI “iminsi y’amahano kuri Kiliziya ya Roma.”

Nta cyo abana b’abami bamurushaga

Kubera ko Alexandre wa VI yari akomeye ari umuyobozi wa Kiliziya, yafashije Hisipaniya na Porutugali kugabana uturere twari duherutse kuvumburwa muri Amerika y’Epfo. Ububasha butari ubw’idini yari afite bwatumye aba umuyobozi wa za leta zategekwaga na ba papa hiyongeraho intara zo hagati mu Butaliyani, maze ategeka nk’undi mutegetsi wese wategetse mu gihe cy’Ivugurura. Kimwe n’uko byari biri kuri ba papa babanjirije Alexandre wa VI n’abamukurikiye, ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe na ruswa, icyenewabo, kandi yishe benshi yakekaga ko bamurwanyaga.

Muri ibyo bihe by’imivurungano, hari ubutegetsi bwashakaga kwigarurira intara zo mu Butaliyani, kandi papa ntiyarebereye gusa. Amayeri ye yo mu rwego rwa politiki hamwe n’amasezerano y’ubufatanye yagiranaga n’abantu akongera akayasesa, byose yabikoreraga gukomeza ubutegetsi bwe, guteza imbere abana be, no kugira ngo bene Borgia barute abandi. Umuhungu we Juan wari warashyingiranywe na mubyara w’umwami wa Castille, yari yaragizwe umutware wa Gandía ho muri Hisipaniya. Undi muhungu we witwaga Jofré yari yarashyingiranywe n’umwuzukuru w’umwami wa Naples.

Igihe papa yari akeneye umuntu wamushyigikira kugira ngo ashimangire umubano we n’u Bufaransa, yasheshe amasezerano yari yaragiranye n’umukungu wo mu ntara ya Aragon yo kuzamushyingira umukobwa we w’imyaka 13 witwaga Lucrezia, amushyingira mwene wabo wategekaga i Milan. Amaze kubona ko iryo shyingiranwa nta cyo rizamugezaho muri politiki, yashatse urwitwazo rwo kurisesa nuko Lucrezia ashyingirwa Alfonso de Aragon, wo mu wundi muryango w’ibwami. Hagati aho, Cesare Borgia, wari umugome wiyemeraga akaba na musaza wa Lucrezia, yiyunze na Ludoviko wa XII umwami w’u Bufaransa, maze ishyingiranwa ryari riherutse kuba hagati ya mushiki we na Alfonso de Aragon rirababangamira. Umuti wabaye uwuhe? Hari igitabo kivuga ko Alfonso “yakomerekejwe n’abagabo bane bashakaga kumwicira kuri bazilika ya Mutagatifu Petero. Atangiye gukira, yaje kwicwa anizwe n’umwe mu bagaragu ba Cesare.” Kubera ko papa yifuzaga abandi bantu bazagira icyo bamumarira, yashyingiye bwa gatatu Lucrezia, icyo gihe akaba yari afite imyaka 21, amushyingira umuhungu w’umutegetsi ukomeye wa Ferrara.

Basobanuye ko ibyo Cesare yakoraga “byaranzwe n’ubuhubutsi no kumena amaraso.” Nubwo se yamugize umukaridinali afite imyaka 17, intambara ni yo yamubaga mu maraso aho kuba iby’idini. Yari umunyamayeri urarikira kandi wamunzwe na ruswa kurusha abandi bose. Cesare amaze kureka umwanya yari afite mu idini, yashyingiranywe n’umukobwa w’umwami w’u Bufaransa bituma aba umutware wa Valentinois. Hanyuma, ingabo z’u Bufaransa zamufashije gutangira kugaba ibitero no kwica abo mu  majyaruguru y’u Butaliyani kugira ngo ahigarurire.

Kugira ngo papa yizere ko ingabo z’u Bufaransa zizafasha Cesare gusohoza intego ze, yemeye ko Ludoviko wa XII atandukana n’umugore we, nubwo byari amahano. Yashyingiranywe na Anne wo muri Bretagne maze aho Anne yatwaraga homekwa ku bwami bwe. Mu by’ukuri hari igitabo kivuga ko papa “yafashe icyubahiro cya Kiliziya n’amahame yayo abigurana inyungu z’akanya gato za bene wabo.”

Imyifatire ya papa inengwa

Imyifatire y’abo mu muryango wa Borgia, yatumye bagira abanzi n’ababanenga. Muri rusange, papa yirengagizaga abamunengaga ariko ntiyari gushobora kwirengagiza uwitwa Girolamo Savonarola. Savonarola yari umuntu wihaye Imana w’Umudominikani wagiraga umwete mu kubwiriza, kandi akaba n’umunyapolitiki wo mu karere ka Florence. Yamaganye ibikorwa bibi byaberaga kwa papa, yamagana papa ubwe ndetse n’imitegekere ye, amusaba kwegura kandi anasaba ko haba ivugurura mu rwego rw’idini. Savonarola yavuze n’ijwi rirenga ati “bayobozi ba Kiliziya, . . . mwitwikira ijoro mukajya mu nshoreke zanyu bwacya mugatanga amasakaramentu.” Hanyuma yagize ati “[abo bayobozi ba Kiliziya] bafite mu maso ha maraya, kwamamara kwabo gusebya Kiliziya. Ndababwira ukuri ko bariya bantu batizera Kristo.”

Kugira ngo papa ahongere Savonarola areke kumutamaza, yamugize umukaridinali ariko Savonarola arabyanga. Ntituzi niba savonarola yarishwe azira ko yarwanyaga politiki ya papa cyangwa niba yarazize kubwiriza. Ikizwi cyo ni uko amaherezo yaciwe muri kiliziya, agafungwa, akababazwa urubozo kugira ngo yemere icyaha, maze bakamunyonga hanyuma bakamutwika.

Havuka ibibazo by’ingutu

Ibyo bintu byabaye mu mateka byatumye havuka ibibazo bikomeye. Umuntu yasobanura ate amatiku ya papa n’imyifatire ye? Abahanga mu by’amateka babisobanura bate? Abantu babitangaho ibitekerezo binyuranye.

Hari abantu benshi batekereza ko kugira ngo umuntu yiyumvishe ibyo Alexandre wa VI yakoze, agomba kureba igihe yabayemo. Bavuga ko ibyo yakoze muri politiki no muri Kiliziya yabikoze ashaka kubumbatira amahoro, kubanisha neza amahanga yari ashyamiranye, gushimangira umubano n’ibindi bihugu byari kuzamufasha kurwana ku bupapa, kandi ko yashakaga ko abategetsi b’ibihugu byiyitiriraga Ubukristo bikomeza kunga ubumwe mu kurwanya Turukiya.

Imyifatire ye se yo bite? Hari intiti yagize iti “mu mateka yose ya Kiliziya hagiye habamo Abakristo babi n’abapadiri badakwiriye. Kugira ngo ibyo bitazagira uwo bica intege, Kristo ubwe yarabihanuye; ndetse yagereranyije Kiliziya ye n’umurima w’amasaka n’urukungu, cyangwa urushundura rufata amafi meza n’amabi, ndetse ni nk’uko yihanganiye Yuda mu ntumwa ze.” a

Iyo ntiti ikomeza igira iti “kimwe n’uko inenge iri ku ibuye ry’agaciro idatuma ritakaza agaciro karyo, ni na ko muri rusange ibyaha bya padiri bidashobora gutuma abantu bakemanga . . . inyigisho yigisha. . . . Zahabu ikomeza kuba zahabu nubwo intoki zayiteguye zaba zanduye cyangwa zitanduye.” Hari umuhanga mu by’amateka ya Kiliziya Gatolika uhamya ko ihame Abagatolika nyakuri bagombaga kugenderaho mu gihe cya Alexandre wa VI, ari irikubiye mu nama Yesu  yagiriye abigishwa be ku kuntu bari kwifata ku banditsi n’Abafarisayo, aho yagize ati ‘ibyo bababwira byose mubikore, ariko imigenzo yabo mwe kuyikurikiza kuko ibyo bavuga atari byo bakora’ (Matayo 23:2, 3). Ariko se mu by’ukuri, ibyo ni ko nawe ubyemera?

Ese ubwo ni bwo Bukristo nyakuri?

Kristo yashyizeho uburyo bworoshye bwo kugenzura imico y’abiyita Abakristo: “muzabamenyera ku mbuto zabo. Mbese hari abasoroma imizabibu ku mugenge, cyangwa imbuto z’umutini ku gitovu? Nuko igiti cyiza cyose cyera imbuto nziza, ariko igiti kibi cyera imbuto mbi. Igiti cyiza ntikibasha kwera imbuto mbi, kandi n’igiti kibi ntikibasha kwera imbuto nziza. Nuko muzabamenyera ku mbuto zabo.”—Matayo 7:16-18, 20.

Muri rusange se, ni gute abayobozi b’amadini bakurikije ibyo amahame yabasabaga mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi dukurikije icyitegererezo cy’Ubukristo nyakuri Yesu yashyizeho kandi kikanagaragazwa n’abigishwa be nyakuri? Kandi se ubu babikurikiza mu rugero rungana iki? Reka dusuzume ahantu habiri gusa: muri politiki no mu myifatire yabo.

Yesu ntiyari umwami w’iyi si. Yabagaho mu mibereho iciriritse; nk’uko yabyivugiye ntiyari afite n’aho “kurambika umusaya.” Ubwami bwe ntibwari “ubw’iyi si,” kandi abigishwa be ntibagombaga kuba ‘ab’isi nk’uko na we atari uw’isi.’ Ibyo byatumye yanga kwivanga muri politiki zo mu gihe cye.—Matayo 8:20; Yohana 6:15; 17:16; 18:36.

Ariko se, si ukuri ko imiryango y’amadini imaze imyaka myinshi ifatanya n’abayobozi b’abanyapolitiki kugira ngo basangire ubuyobozi n’imitungo, nubwo ibyo bituma rubanda ruhazaharira? Ese nanone si ukuri ko abayobozi b’amadini biberaho mu mudamararo, nubwo abantu benshi bagombye kwitaho bashobora kuba bicwa n’ubukene?

Yakobo mwene nyina wa Yesu yagize ati “yemwe basambanyi, namwe basambanyikazi, ntimuzi yuko ubucuti bw’iby’isi butera kwangwa n’Imana? Nuko rero umuntu wese ushaka kuba incuti y’iby’isi, aba yihinduye umwanzi w’Imana” (Yakobo 4:4). Kuki ahinduka “umwanzi w’Imana”? Ni uko mu rwandiko rwa mbere rwa Yohana 5:19 hagira hati “ab’isi bose bari mu Mubi.”

Ku bihereranye n’imyifatire ya Alexandre wa VI, hari umuhanga mu by’amateka wabayeho mu gihe cye wanditse agira ati “yari afite imyifatire y’akahebwe. Ntiyagiraga isoni cyangwa ngo yange umugayo, ntiyizeraga cyangwa ngo agire idini. Yari yaratwawe n’umururumba udashira, yari afite inyota y’ubutegetsi, yari afite ubugome nk’ubw’inyamaswa, kandi yari afite ishyaka rigurumana ryo guteza imbere abana be benshi.” Birumvikana ko Borgia atari we muyobozi wenyine w’idini wakoze ibintu nk’ibyo.

Ibyanditswe bivuga iki kuri bene iyo myifatire? Intumwa Pawulo yarabajije ati “ntimuzi yuko abakiranirwa batazaragwa ubwami bw’Imana? Ntimwishuke; abahehesi, cyangwa . . . abasambanyi, cyangwa . . . abifuza . . . ntibazaragwa ubwami bw’Imana.”—1 Abakorinto 6:9, 10.

Imwe mu ntego z’icyo kiganiro cyarimo amashusho giherutse kubera i Roma kivuga kuri Borgia, yari iyo “kugira ngo abo bantu b’ibikomerezwa bashyirwe mu gihe babayemo . . . , kugira ngo abantu biyumvishe ibyo bakoze ariko mu by’ukuri bitagamije kubakuraho icyaha cyangwa kubaciraho iteka.” Koko rero, abari batumiwe bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kwifatira iyabo myanzuro. Ku bw’ibyo se, wowe wafashe uwuhe mwanzuro?

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Rodrigo Borgia, ari we Papa Alexandre wa VI

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 27]

Se wa Lucrezia Borgia, yaramukoresheje kugira ngo yagure ubutware bwe

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 28]

Cesare Borgia yarararikiraga kandi yari yaramunzwe na ruswa

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 29]

Kubera ko batari gushobora gucecekesha Girolamo Savonarola, baramunyonze barangije baramutwika