Ebla—Guta Rekare Rinonyukazve

Muzhizha ra1962, Paolo Matthiae, imwe nyanzvi yechiduku yezvokuchera matongo kuItaly, akaongorora mapani okumadokero kwakadziva kuchamhembe kweSiriya asingazivi kuti aizowana chii. Panyaya dzezvokuchera matongo, zvainzi nechepakati peSiriya hapana zvakawanda zvingawanikwa. Asi kubva pakuchera kwakazotangwa makore maviri gare gare kuTell Mardikh, anenge makiromita 60 kumaodzanyemba kweAleppo, kwaizonyuka zvinonzi nevakawanda ‘chinhu chinokosha zvikuru pane zvokuchera matongo zvakawanikwa muzana remakore rechi20.’

ZVINHU zvakanyorwa kare zvaipupurira kuti kwaiva neguta rainzi Ebla. Zvisinei, hapana aiziva kuti guta racho raigona kuwanika papi pazvikomo zvakawanda zvakapararira muMiddle East yose. Rimwe bhuku rinotaura nezvokukunda maguta e“Mari, Yarmuti, uye Ebla,” kwakaitwa naSagoni, mambo weAkkad. Mune zvimwe zvakanyorwa, Mambo Gudea wokuSumer akataura nezvemapuranga anokosha aakatumirwa achibva ku“makomo eIbla [Ebla].” Zita rokuti Ebla raivawo kuKarnak, Ijipiti, pandandanda yemaguta ekare akakundwa naFarao Thutmose III. Unogona kunzwisisa kuti nei vezvokuchera matongo vakaedza kuwana guta reEbla.

Zvisinei, kumwezve kuchera matongo kwakabudirira. Muna 1968, chidimbu chomufananidzo waIbbit-Lim, mutongi weEbla, chakawanikwa. Chakanga chakanyorwa mhiko nomutauro weAkkad yairatidza kuti chakanga chakatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi ainzi Ishtar, uyo “airemekedzwa zvikuru muEbla.” Chokwadi, zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo zvakatanga kuratidza “mutauro mutsva, nhau dzakaitika itsva, uye tsika itsva.”

Uchapupu hwokuti guta reTell Mardikh ndiro raiva guta rekare reEbla hwakawanikwa muna 1974/75 pakawanikwa mahwendefa ecuneiform airamba achitaura zita iroro rekare. Kuchera matongo kwakaratidzawo kuti guta racho rakavapo kanenge kaviri. Pashure pokumbova nomukurumbira, rakaparadzwa. Zvadaro guta reEbla rakavakwazve, richibva razoparadzwazve uye rakakanganwika kwemazana emakore.

Guta Rimwe Chete, Rine Mukurumbira Wakasiyana-siyana

Maguta akawanda ekare aiwanzovakirwa mumapani ari pakati penzizi, zvakadai sepakati paTigirisi naYufuratesi, pavaigona kunyatsoita mabasa okurima. Maguta okutanga anotaurwa muBhaibheri aiva muMesopotamiya. (Genesisi 10:10) Zvinoita sokuti zita rokuti Ebla rinoreva “White Rock,” zvichireva matombo machena aiva nechepasi penzvimbo yaiva yakavakirwa guta racho. Zviri pachena kuti nzvimbo yacho yakasarudzwa nokuti dombo jena raiva nechepasi rairatidza kuti paiva nemvura, chinhu chinokosha munzvimbo iri kure nenzizi huru.

Sezvo muguta reEbla makanga musinganayi mvura yakawanda, maingorimwa zviyo, mazambiringa, nemiti yemiorivhi chete. Nzvimbo yacho yakanga yakakodzerawo kupfuya zvipfuwo, kunyanya makwai. Kuva kweguta reEbla paMapani eMesopotamiya neMhenderekedzo yeMediterranean kwaiita kuti rikwanise kutengeserana nevamwe zvinhu zvakadai semapuranga, matombo anokosha zvishoma, uye simbi dzakasiyana-siyana. Guta racho raiva renzvimbo yaigara vanhu vanenge 200 000, vanenge gumi muzana vavo vachigara muguta guru.

Matongo omuzinda mukuru anopupurira ukuru hwokubudirira kwevanhu veEbla. Vanhu  vaipinda mumuzinda nepagedhi rakakwirira anenge mamita 12 kusvika ku15. Muzinda wacho wakawedzerwa nokufamba kwenguva pamusana pezvaida kutarisirwa zvoumambo hwairamba huchiwedzera kukura. Vakuru vakuru vaishanda muzvinzvimbo zvakasiyana-siyana—mambo namambokadzi wake vaibatsirwa “nemadzishe” uye “magavhuna.”

Mahwendefa evhu anodarika 17 000 uye zvimedu zvawo zvakawanikwa. Pakutanga, zvichida paiva nemahwendefa akazara aidarika 4 000, akanga akanyatsoiswa pamasherefu emapuranga. Mahwendefa aya anopupurira basa guru rezvokutengeserana muEbla. Somuenzaniso, guta racho raitengeserana neIjipiti, sezvairatidzwa nezviratidzo zvoumambo zvavanafarao vaviri. Mahwendefa acho akanga akanyanya kunyorwa necuneiform yokuSumer. Asi mamwe acho aiva mumutauro weEblaite, mutauro wekare zvikuru une dzinde rimwe chete nechiHebheru, saka unogona kududzirwa. Vanhu vokumabvazuva vakashamiswa kuziva kuti mutauro wekare kudaro waivapo. Ungaona zvichifadza kuti mamwe mahwendefa ane mitauro yacho yose iri miviri, Sumer neEblaite. Bhuku rinonzi Ebla—Alle origini della civiltà urbana (Ebla—Pamavambo Emararamiro Omutaundi) rinoati “ndiwo maduramazwi ekare zvikuru atinoziva.”

Zviri pachena kuti guta reEbla raiva neuto rine simba, nokuti zvivezwa zvakacherwa zvinoratidza varwi veEbla vachiuraya vavengi vavo kana kuti vachipa misoro yakadimburwa. Asi simba reEbla rakaguma payakarwisana neAsiriya neBhabhironi nyika dzakanga dziri kuwedzera kuva nesimba. Hazvisi nyore kuziva zvakanyatsoitika chaizvo, asi zvinoita sokuti Sagoni I wokutanga (kwete Sagoni anotaurwa pana Isaya 20:1) uye zvadaro muzukuru wake Naram-Sin vakarwisa guta reEbla. Uchapupu hwakacherwa mumatongo hunoratidza kuti kurwisana kwacho kwaiva nechisimba uye kupamba kwacho kwaityisa.

Zvisinei, sezvambotaurwa, pashure penguva yakati guta racho rakavakwazve uye rakatokosheswa mudunhu racho. Guta racho idzva rakavakwa maererano nepurani yakanga yakanaka, zvakaita kuti ritova nomukurumbira. Nechezasi muguta racho maiva nenzvimbo tsvene yakanga yakatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi Ishtar, aionekwawo nevaBhabhironi samwarikadzi wembereko. Ungave wakanzwa nezveGedhi raIshtar   rakanga rakakurumbira, rakafukunurwa mumatongo eBhabhironi. Chimwe chivako chikuru zvikuru chaiva kuEbla chinoita sechaishandiswa kuchengetera shumba dzainzi itsvene kuna mwarikadzi Ishtar. Izvi zvinotisvitsa kuchitendero chomuEbla.

Chitendero chomuEbla

Kufanana nokune dzimwewo nzvimbo dzokuMabvazuva ekare, muEbla maiva navanamwari vakawanda. Vamwe vavo vaiva Bhaari, Hadhadhi (chidimbu chezita iri chinowanikwa pamazita emamwe madzimambo eSiriya), uye Dhagoni. (1 Madzimambo 11:23; 15:18; 2 Madzimambo 17:16) VaEblaite vaivanamata vose. Vaitokudza vanamwari vemamwe marudzi. Zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo zvinoratidza kuti, kunyanya mumireniyamu yechipiri B.C.E., vashakabvu vedzinza remadzimambo vakanga vava kunamatwawo.

VaEblaite vakanga vasingavimbi navanamwari vavo zvizere. Guta idzva reEbla raivawo nemasvingo maviri ainge akasimba chaizvo aiva akaripoteredza, aigona kukandisa mapfumo pasi chero vavengi vapi zvavo. Masvingo aiva nechokunze aitenderera anenge makiromita matatu. Achiri kunyatsooneka.

Kunyange zvakadaro, iri guta idzva reEbla rakaparadzwawo. Zvichida vaHiti, munenge muna 1600 B.C.E. ndivo vakazoparadza pakupedzisira raimbova simba guru. Maererano neimwe nhetembo yekare, guta reEbla “rakaputswa sezvinoitwa mudziyo wevhu.” Pasina nguva rakatanga kunyangarika munhau dzakaitika. Gwaro rakanyorwa nevarwi vakarwisa Jerusarema muna 1098 rinotaura nzvimbo yaimbova neguta reEbla, richiiti nzvimbo iri kure, munyika inonzi Mardikh. Guta reEbla rakanga rakanganwika zvachose, rakazonyukazve pashure bedzi pemazana emakore akawanda.

[Bhokisi riri papeji 14]

GUTA REEBLA NEBHAIBHERI

Nyaya yakabudiswa muna 1976 mumagazini inonzi Biblical Archeologist yakamutsa havi yenyanzvi dzeBhaibheri. Akadudzira mahwendefa okuEbla akapa mukana wokuti zvingangodaro kuti, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mahwendefa acho aiva nemazita evanhu neenzvimbo akazotaurwa muBhaibheri mazana emakore gare gare. Zvichida dzichifungidzira zvinopfuura zvainyatsotaurwa nenyaya yacho, dzimwe nyanzvi dzakatanga kunyora kuti guta reEbla rainge rapa uchapupu hwezvokuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti nhoroondo iri muna Genesisi yakavimbika. * Mupristi weKaturike anonzi Mitchell Dahood akati “mahwendefa evhu [okuEbla] ari kujekesa kusanzwisiswa kweBhaibheri.” Somuenzaniso, aifunga kuti aigona kugadzirisa “dambudziko raiva nechokuita nokuti zita raMwari waIsraeri raivapo kare zvakadini.”

Iye zvino mahwendefa aya ari kunyatsoongororwa zvakarurama. Pamusana pokuti chiHebheru nechiEblaite mitauro ine dzinde rimwe chete, hazvingarambwi kuti mamwe mazita emaguta kana kuti evanhu angafanana kana kuti angaenderana neaya omuBhaibheri. Asi izvi hazviratidzi kuti anotaura nzvimbo kana kuti vanhu vamwe chete. Kuti zvakawanikwa kuEbla zvichabatsira zvakadini kuongororwa kweBhaibheri zvichazoonekwa. Nezvezita raMwari, munyori wenyaya yeBiblical Archeologist akaramba kuti akambotaura kuti zita rokuti “Yahweh” rakataurwa mumahwendefa eEbla. Kune dzimwe nyanzvi, chiratidzo checuneiform chinodudzirwa kuti ja chinongoratidza mwari mumwe chete wavanamwari vakawanda vainamatwa nevaEblaite, nepo dzimwe nyanzvi dzichiti chinongova chiratidzowo zvacho chomutauro. Chero zvazvingava, hachirevi Mwari wechokwadi mumwe chete, Jehovha.—Dheuteronomio 4:35; Isaya 45:5.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mepu/Mufananidzo uri papeji 12]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

GUNGWA GURU

KENANI

SIRIYA

Aleppo

Ebla (Tell Mardikh)

Rwizi rwaYufuratesi

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mucheri wematongo: Missione Archeologica Italiana a Ebla - Università degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 12, 13]

Chishongo chomuhuro chegoridhe chomunenge muna 1750 B.C.E.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Matongo omuzinda mukuru

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Mahwendefa evhu akadhirowewa nenyanzvi ari munzvimbo yezvinhu zvekare

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Hwendefa re“cuneiform”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Tsvimbo youmambo yokuIjipiti yomuna 1750-1700 B.C.E.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Murwi wokuEbla aine misoro yevavengi

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 14]

Dombo rakatsaurirwa kuna mwarikadzi Ishtar

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Missione Archeologica Italiana a Ebla - Università degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]

Mifananidzo yose (kunze kwematongo omuzinda wamambo): Missione Archeologica Italiana a Ebla - Università degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’