Zvinhu Zvine Maatomu Akafanana Zvakavapo Netsaona Here?
Zvinhu Zvine Maatomu Akafanana Zvakavapo Netsaona Here?
“CHINHU chose chiri muChadenga, kunyange nyeredzi iri kure kwazvo, chakagadzirwa nemaatomu,” inotsanangura kudaro The Encyclopedia of Stars & Atoms. Atomu rimwe chete iduku zvokuti harioneki, asi kana akaungana anogadzira zvinhu zvatinoziva zvine maatomu akafanana. Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvine maatomu akafanana zvinhu zvatinogona kuona; zvimwe magasi asingaoneki. Kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakadaro zvine maatomu akafanana kunganzi kwakaitika netsaona here?
Zvinhu Zvine Maatomu Akafanana Zvinokwana 1 Kusvika Ku92
Kunyange zvazvo hydrogen iri atomu risinganetsi kunzwisisa pane ose, inobatidza nyeredzi dzakadai sezuva redu uye inokosha muupenyu. Atomu rehydrogen rine purotoni rimwe chete mumwoyo waro neerekitironi rimwe chete rinotenderera mwoyo iwowo. Zvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana, zvakadai sekabhoni, okisijeni, ndarama, nemekiyuri, zvinogadzirwa nemaatomu ane maerekitironi akawanda anotenderera mwoyo wemapurotoni mazhinji nemanyuturoni.
Anenge makore 450 apfuura, zvinhu 12 chete zvine maatomu akafanana ndizvo zvaizivikanwa. Zvakawanda pazvakawanikwa, masayendisiti akaona kurongeka kwazvakaita. Uye apo zvinhu izvi zvine maatomu akafanana zvakaiswa pachati zviri mumitsetse yakachinjika uye yakaita midhadhadha, masayendisiti akawana kuti zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zvaiva mumudhadhadha mumwe chete zvaiva nepazvakafanana. Asi paivawo nenzvimbo dzisina chinhu pachati yacho, dzaimiririra zvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zvakanga zvisingazivikanwi. Izvi zvakaita kuti musayendisiti wokuRussia anonzi Dmitry Mendeleyev afanotaura kuvapo kwechimwe chinhu chine maatomu akafanana chakanga chine maatomu 32, germanium, uye ruvara rwacho, uremu uye pachinonyunguduka kana chikapiswa. “Zvakafanotaurwa” naMendeleyev “nezvezvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zvakanga zvisipo—gallium nescandium—zvakazowanikwa kuti zvaiva zvakanyatsorurama,” rinodaro bhuku resayenzi rinonzi Chemistry ra1995.
Pashure penguva yakati, masayendisiti akafanotaura nezvokuvapo kwezvimwe zvinhu zvisingazivikanwi zvine maatomu akafanana uye zvazvakaita. Pakupedzisira zvinhu zvose zvine maatomu akafanana zvakanga zvisati zvawanikwa zvakawanikwa. Hapachisina nzvimbo dzisina chinhu pachati yacho. Kurongeka kwokusikwa zvakadaro kwezvinhu izvi kunoenderana nenhamba yemapurotoni ari mumwoyo wemaatomu azvo, kuchitangira pachinhu chokutanga chine atomu rimwe, chinonzi hydrogen, kuchipfuurira kusvikira kuchinhu chokupedzisira chinowanzowanika choga pasi pano, chechi92 chinonzi uranium. Izvi zvakangoitika netsaona here?
Fungawo nezvokusiyana-siyana kwakaita zvinhu izvi. Ndarama nemekiyuri zvinhu zvine ruvara rwunovaima zvakasiyana. Chimwe chacho isimbi, chimwe chacho chakaita mvura mvura. Asi, zvinhu zvinoteverana munhamba chimwe chiri pa79 uye chimwe pa80. Atomu rendarama rine maerekitironi 79, mapurotoni 79 nemanyuturoni 118. Atomu remekiyuri rinongova nemaerekitironi akawanda nerimwe, mapurotoni akawanda nerimwe uye nenhamba yakada kuti enzanei yemanyuturoni.
Itsaona here kuti kuchinja kuduku mukurongwa kwemaatomu kunoita kuti pave nezvinhu zvakawanda zvakadaro zvine maatomu akafanana? Zvakadini nemasimba anoita kuti maatomu arambe ari pamwe chete? “Kubvira pachinhu charo chiduku kwazvo kusvikira kuboka racho guru pane ose renyeredzi, chinhu chose chiri muChadenga chinotevera mitemo inotsanangurwa nefizikisi,” inodaro The Encyclopedia of Stars & Atoms. Fungidzira zvaizoitika kudai mumwe wemitemo iyoyo waizochinja. Somuenzaniso, zvakadini kudai mutemo unochengeta maerekitironi achitenderera mwoyo weatomu waizochinjwa?
Masimba Ezvefizikisi Akanyatsochunwa
Funga zvingaitika kudai simba remagetsi rinokweva maerekitironi (electromagnetism) raizoderedzwa. “Maerekitironi aisazoramba akabatana nemaatomu,” anodaro Dr. David Block mubhuku rake rinonzi Star Watch. Izvi zvaizorevei? “Taizova nechadenga chisingagoni kuva nezvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemakemikari!” anowedzera kudaro. Tinofanira kutenda zvikuru mitemo yakadzikwa inoita kuti zvinhu zvikwanise kugadzirwa nemakemikari! Somuenzaniso, maatomu maviri ehydrogen anobatana neatomu rimwe chete reokisijeni kuti pave nemorekuru remvura inokosha.
Simba remagetsi rinokweva maerekitironi iduku neka100 pane renyukireya rine simba guru rinobatanidza mwoyo wemaatomu. Chii chaizoitika kudai reshiyo yacho yaizochinjwa? “Kudai kusimba kwakaita simba renyukireya nesimba remagetsi rinokweva maerekitironi kwaizova kwakati siyanei, ipapo maatomu ekabhoni aisazovapo,” anotsanangura kudaro masayendisiti anonzi John Barrow naFrank Tipler. Dai kabhoni isipo, upenyu hwaisazovapo. Maatomu ekabhoni ane 20 muzana anomiririra uremu hwezvinhu zvose zvipenyu.
Chinonyanya kukoshawo isimba remagetsi rinokweva maerekitironi richienzaniswa nesimba regiravhiti. “Kuchinja kuduku kwazvo pakusimba kwezvinhu izvi zvinoti simba regiravhiti nesimba remagetsi rinokweva maerekitironi,” inotsanangura kudaro magazini inonzi New Scientist, “kwaizoita kuti nyeredzi dzakadai seZuva dzive nyeredzi dzinopisa zvikuru [kupisa kwakanyanyisa zvokutadza kutsigira upenyu] kana kuti dzinopisa zvishoma [kupisa zvishoma zvokutadza kutsigira upenyu].”
Rimwe simba, inyukireya ine simba duku, inodzora kumhanya kwezvinoitika muzuva. “Rinongova duku chete kuitira kuti hydrogen iri muzuva ibvire zvishoma nezvishoma,” anotsanangura kudaro Freeman Dyson, nyanzvi yezvefizikisi. Mimwe mienzaniso mizhinji ingapiwa inoratidza kutsamira kunoita upenyu hwedu pamitemo yakadzikwa uye pamamiriro ezvinhu zvinowanika muchadenga. Munyori wenyaya dzesayenzi Purofesa Paul Davies akafananidza mitemo iyi yomuchadenga nezvinhu zvokuchunisa ndokubva ati: “Zvinoita sokuti zvokuchunisa zvakasiyana–siyana izvi zvinofanira kuchunwa nenzira yacho chaiyo kana chadenga chichizoita kuti upenyu huvepo.”
Kare kare Sir Isaac Newton vasati vawana mutemo wegiravhiti, Bhaibheri rakataura nezvemitemo yakadaro kana kuti mirau. Murume ainzi Jobho akabvunzwa kuti: “Ndiwe here wakataura mitemo inodzora matenga, kana kudzika mitemo yepasi?” (Jobho 38:33, The New English Bible) Mimwe mibvunzo inoratidza kuti hapana zvaaiziva yaiva yokuti, “Iwe wakanga uripiko panguva yandakateya nheyo dzenyika?” uye wokuti “Ndianiko wakatara kukura kwayo, kana uchizviziva?”—Jobho 38:4, 5.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 6]
Zvinhu Zvinokosha Kwazvo
Zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zvakadai sehydrogen, okisijeni nekabhoni ndizvo maatomu anenge 98 muzana ari mumuviri mako. Kwozouya nitrogen, ine imwe 1,4 muzana. Zvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zvinowanika zviri zvishoma zvikuru asi chero zvakadaro zvinokosha kwazvo muupenyu.
[Chati/Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]
(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)
Pakanyorwa nyaya ino, masayendisiti akagadzira zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana 93 zvichikwira, kusvika kuchinhu chine maatomu akafanana 118. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinhu izvi zvinongokwana mupateni ye“periodic table.”
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Kubva kuLos Alamos National Laboratory
Zita Chiratidzo Nhamba yemaatomu
rechinhu (nhamba yemapurotoni)
hydrogen H 1
helium He 2
lithium Li 3
beryllium Be 4
boron B 5
carbon C 6
nitrogen N 7
oxygen O 8
fluorine F 9
neon Ne 10
sodium Na 11
magnesium Mg 12
aluminum Al 13
silicon Si 14
phosphorus P 15
sulfur S 16
chlorine Cl 17
argon Ar 18
potassium K 19
calcium Ca 20
scandium Sc 21
titanium Ti 22
vanadium V 23
chromium Cr 24
manganese Mn 25
iron Fe 26
cobalt Co 27
nickel Ni 28
copper Cu 29
zinc Zn 30
gallium Ga 31
germanium Ge 32
arsenic As 33
selenium Se 34
bromine Br 35
krypton Kr 36
rubidium Rb 37
strontium Sr 38
yttrium Y 39
zirconium Zr 40
niobium Nb 41
molybdenum Mo 42
technetium Tc 43
ruthenium Ru 44
rhodium Rh 45
palladium Pd 46
silver Ag 47
cadmium Cd 48
indium In 49
tin Sn 50
antimony Sb 51
tellurium Te 52
iodine I 53
xenon Xe 54
cesium Cs 55
barium Ba 56
lanthanum La 57
cerium Ce 58
praseodymium Pr 59
neodymium Nd 60
promethium Pm 61
samarium Sm 62
europium Eu 63
gadolinium Gd 64
terbium Tb 65
dysprosium Dy 66
holmium Ho 67
erbium Er 68
thulium Tm 69
ytterbium Yb 70
lutetium Lu 71
hafnium Hf 72
tantalum Ta 73
tungsten W 74
rhenium Re 75
osmium Os 76
iridium Ir 77
platinum Pt 78
gold Au 79
mercury Hg 80
thallium Tl 81
lead Pb 82
bismuth Bi 83
polonium Po 84
astatine At 85
radon Rn 86
francium Fr 87
radium Ra 88
actinium Ac 89
thorium Th 90
protactinium Pa 91
uranium U 92
neptunium Np 93
plutonium Pu 94
americium Am 95
curium Cm 96
berkelium Bk 97
californium Cf 98
einsteinium Es 99
fermium Fm 100
mendelevium Md 101
nobelium No 102
lawrencium Lr 103
rutherfordium Rf 104
dubnium Db 105
seaborgium Sg 106
bohrium Bh 107
hassium Hs 108
meitnerium Mt 109
110
111
112
114
116
118
[Mufananidzo]
(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)
Kurongeka uye kuwirirana kwezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zviri pa“periodic table” kunoratidza tsaonawo zvayo here kana kuti kugadzira kune unyanzvi?
Atomu rehelium
Erekitironi
Purotoni
Nyuturoni
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 7]
(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)
Chii chinoita kuti zvinzi masimba mana akachunwa akasikwa achitevedzera mitemo yokusikwa?
ELECTROMAGNETISM
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GIRAVHITI
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