Anafunafuna Njira Yochepetsetsa

ZAKA pafupifupi 550 zapitazo, magulu ang’onoang’ono a anthu odzitcha Akristu omwe ankakhala m’mizinda ya Prague, Chelčice, Vilémov, Klatovy, ndi mizinda ina ya dziko lomwe tsopano ndi Czech Republic anasiya nyumba zawo. Anakakhazikika kufupi ndi mudzi wa Kunwald, m’chigwa cha kumpoto chakum’maŵa kwa chigawo cha Bohemia, komwe anamanga nyumba zawo zing’onozing’ono, kuchita uchikumbe, kuŵerenga mabaibulo awo, ndi kudzitcha kuti Mgwirizano wa Abale, kapena kuti Unitas Fratrum m’Chilatini.

Anthuŵa anachokera kosiyanasiyana. Panali alimi, anthu aulemu wawo, ophunzira kusukulu zaukachenjede, olemera ndi osauka, amuna ndi akazi, akazi ndi ana amasiye, ndipo onse anali ndi cholinga chimodzi. Iwo analemba kuti: “Tinkapemphera kwa Mulungu Mwiniwakeyo, ndi kum’pempha kutiululira cholinga Chake chachikulu pa zinthu zonse. Tinkafuna kuyenda m’njira Zake.” Inde, Mgwirizano wa Abale umenewu, kapena Mgwirizano wa Atchekosilovakiya, dzina lomwe anadzadziŵika nalo pambuyo pake, anafunafuna ‘njira yochepetsetsa yakumuka nayo kumoyo.’ (Mateyu 7:13, 14) Kodi kufufuza kwawoku kunavumbula mfundo zotani za m’Baibulo? Kodi zikhulupiriro zawo zinkasiyana motani ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe zinkavomerezeka panthaŵiyo, ndipo kodi tingaphunzirenji kuchokera kwa iwo?

Osachita Ziwawa Komanso Osagonjera Choipa

Magulu angapo a zipembedzo omwe analipo m’katikati mwa zaka za m’ma 1400 anathandizira kuti pakhale Mgwirizano wa Abale. Limodzi mwa maguluŵa ndi la Awadensi, gulu lomwe linayamba m’ma 1100. Poyamba, Awadensi anachoka m’tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, chomwe chinali chipembedzo cha Boma m’mayiko a pakati pa Ulaya. Komano, kenaka iwo anabwerera pang’ono ku ziphunzitso zachikatolika. Gulu lina lomwe linathandiza kwambiri ndi la Ahusi, anthu omwe ankatsatira Jan Hus. Atchekosilovakiya ambiri anali chipembedzo chimenechi, koma sankagwirizana  m’pang’ono pomwe. Gulu lina la Ahusi linkalimbana ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamene lina linkagwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo pofuna kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zake pandale. Magulu a anthu okhulupirira zaka 1000 za ulosi wachikristu ndiponso akatswiri a maphunziro a Baibulo a m’dzikolo komanso akunja kwa dzikolo anathandiziranso kuti pakhale Mgwirizano wa Abale.

Peter Chelčický (yemwe anakhala ndi moyo mwinamwake kuyambira m’ma 1390 mpaka 1460), katswiri wa maphunziro a Baibulo wa ku Czechoslovakia komanso amene anathandiza kusintha mfundo zachipembedzo, ankadziŵa bwino kwambiri zimene Awadensi ndi Ahusi ankaphunzitsa. Iye anakana kutsatira Ahusi chifukwa cha ziwawa zomwe anayamba kuchita, ndipo anakananso kutsatira Awadensi chifukwa chogonja pa ziphunzitso zawo. Iye anadzudzula kumenya nkhondo, kuti sichikristu. Iye ankaona kuti, Mkristu ayenera kutsatira “chilamulo cha Kristu” mosasamala kanthu za zotsatirapo zake. (Agalatiya 6:2; Mateyu 22:37-39) Mu 1440, Chelčický analemba zomwe iye ankaphunzitsa m’buku lakuti Net of the Faith.

Katswiri wamaphunziro, Gregory wa ku Prague, yemwe anakhala ndi moyo m’masiku a Chelčický koma iye anali wocheperapo, anatengeka kwambiri ndi ziphunzitso za Chelčický moti anasiya chipembedzo cha Ahusi. Mu 1458, Gregory anakopa kagulu ka anthu omwe kale anali Ahusi kuti asiye nyumba zawo m’madera osiyanasiyana a Czechia. Aŵa anali ena mwa anthu omwe anam’tsatira kumudzi wa Kunwald, komwe anakayambitsa  mudzi watsopano wa anthu opembedza. Patapita nthaŵi pang’ono, magulu a Awadensi a ku Czechoslovakia ndi ku Germany anapita kukakhala nawo kumudziwo.

Mabuku Otidziŵitsa Zochitika Zakale

Kuyambira mu 1464 mpaka 1467, gulu latsopanoli limene linali kukula linakhala ndi masinodi angapo m’chigawo cha Kunwald ndipo anapanga zigamulo zingapo zofotokoza za chipembedzo chawo chatsopanocho. Zigamulo zonse ankazilemba mosamala kwambiri m’mabuku omwe tsopano akutchedwa kuti Acta Unitatis Fratrum (Machitidwe a Mgwirizano wa Abale), omwe adakalipo mpaka pano. Mabukuŵa amatithandiza kudziŵa zomwe zinkachitika kale, chifukwa choti amafotokoza bwinobwino zikhulupiriro za a Mgwirizano wa Abale. Mabuku a Acta ali ndi kalata zambiri, mawu a anthu osiyanasiyana, ngakhalenso tsatanetsatane wa mikangano yawo.

Pankhani ya zikhulupiriro za a Mgwirizano wa Abale, buku la Acta limati: “Tasankha kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wathu mwa kuŵerenga Baibulo basi ndiponso potengera zitsanzo za Ambuye wathu ndi atumwi oyera mwa kusinkhasinkha, kudzichepetsa ndiponso kupirira, kukonda adani athu, kuwachitira ndi kuwafunira zabwino, ndiponso kuwapempherera.” Zolemba zawo zimasonyezanso  kuti iwo poyambirira ankalalikira. Ankayenda aŵiriaŵiri, ndipo akazi ndiwo ankachita bwino kwambiri monga amishonale m’dera lakwawoko. A Mgwirizano wa Abale ankakana maudindo andale, sankalumbira pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo, sankagwira nawo ntchito zankhondo, ndiponso sankayenda ndi zida.

Mgwirizano Upasuka

Koma patatha zaka makumi angapo Mgwirizano wa Abale unalephera kutsatira mfundo zogwirizana ndi dzina lake. Kusiyana maganizo pa mmene angamachitire ndi zikhulupiriro zawo kunadzetsa magaŵano. Mu 1494 a Mgwirizano wa Abale anagaŵanika magulu aŵiri​—gulu Lalikuku ndi Laling’ono. Ngakhale kuti Gulu Lalikulu linafeŵetsa zinthu zomwe linkakhulupirira poyamba, Gulu Laling’ono linkalalikira kuti a Mgwirizano wa Abale sayenera kusunthika pamfundo zawo zosaloŵerera m’ndale ndiponso m’zadziko.​—Onani bokosi lakuti “Kodi N’chiyani Chinachitikira Gulu Lalikulu?”

Mwachitsanzo, mwamuna wina wa Gulu Laling’ono analemba kuti: “N’zokayikitsa kuti anthu omwe akuyenda m’misewu iŵiri angakhale ndi Mulungu, poti sikaŵirikaŵiri ndipo m’pazinthu  zing’onozing’ono zokha pamene amadzipereka kwa Iye ndi kum’gonjera, pomwe pazinthu zikuluzikulu amangochita zomwe zili kukhosi kwawo. . . . Ifeyo timafunitsitsa titakhala pakati pa anthu amtima umodzi ndiponso achikumbumtima chabwino, omwe amatsatira Ambuye Kristu tsiku lililonse panjira yochepetsetsa ali ndi mtanda wawo.”

Anthu a Gulu Laling’ono ankaona mzimu woyera kuti ndi mphamvu yomwe Mulungu amagwiritsa ntchito, “chala” chake. Iwo ankaona dipo la Yesu kuti ndi chimene munthu wangwiro Yesu anapereka ndi moyo wake monga munthu kulipirira chomwe Adamu wochimwa anataya. Iwo sankalambira Mariya, amayi a Yesu. Anayambanso kuphunzitsa kuti onse ofuna kuloŵa unsembe safunika kulumbira kuti sakwatira. Ankalimbikitsa kuti anthu onse a mumpingo azilalikira kwa anthu ndipo ankachotsa mumpingo anthu omwe achimwa koma osalapa. Ankaonetsetsa kuti akupeŵeratu ntchito zankhondo ndiponso zandale. (Onani bokosi lakuti “Zimene Gulu Laling’ono Linkakhulupirira.”) Popeza kuti Gulu Laling’onoli linkatsata kwambiri zigamulo za m’mabuku a Acta, gululi linkadzitenga kuti ndilo linaloŵa m’malo enieni a Mgwirizano wa Abale woyambirira.

Sankapsatira Mawu Ndipo Ankazunzidwa

Gulu Laling’ono linkatsutsa poyera zipembedzo zina kuphatikizapo, Gulu Lalikulu. Polemba za zipembedzo zimenezo, iwo anati: “Mumaphunzitsa kuti anthu azibatiza ana aang’ono omwe alibe chikhulupiriro chawochawo, ndipo apa mumatsatira zomwe bishopu Dionysius anakhazikitsa. Iye analimbikitsa kubatiza makanda anthu ena opanda nzeru atayambitsa nkhani imeneyi . . . Ndi zomwezinso zimene amakhulupirira pafupifupi aphunzitsi ndi akatswiri onse a maphunziro a zaumulungu monga Luther, Melanchthon, Bucerus, Korvín, Jiles, Bullinger, . . . Gulu Lalikulu, onse pamodzi.”

N’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu a Gulu Laling’onoli ankazunzidwa. Mu 1524 mmodzi mwa atsogoleri awo, Jan Kalenec, anakwapulidwa ndi kutenthedwa. Kenako anthu atatu a gululi anawatentha pamtengo. Zikuoneka kuti Gulu Laling’onoli linazimiririka cha m’ma 1550, atamwalira mtsogoleri wawo womaliza.

Ngakhale kuti zinali choncho, zochita za Akristu a Gulu Laling’ono zinakhudza kwambiri ntchito zachipembedzo ku Ulaya wakale. N’zoona kuti Gulu Laling’onoli silinathetse mdima wauzimu womwe unakhalapo nthaŵi yaitali, chifukwa chakuti panthaŵiyo “chidziŵitso” chinali chisanachuluke. (Danieli 12:4) Komabe, cholinga chawo chachikulu chofufuza njira yochepetsetsa ndi kuitsata ngakhale pamene anali kuzunzidwa ndi chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri kwa Akristu masiku ano.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 13]

Mabuku 50 mwa mabuku 60 a Chibohemiya (Chitcheki) omwe anasindikizidwa kuyambira mu 1500 mpaka mu 1510 akuti anasindikizidwa ndi a Mgwirizano wa Abale

[Bokosi patsamba 11]

Kodi N’chiyani Chinachitikira Gulu Lalikulu?

Kodi n’chiyani chinachitikira Gulu Lalikulu lija m’kupita kwa nthaŵi? Gulu Laling’ono lija litazimiririka, Gulu Lalikululi linapitirizabe monga gulu lachipembedzo, n’kumadziŵikabe monga Mgwirizano wa Abale. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi gululi linasintha zinthu zomwe linkakhulupirira poyamba. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1500, a Mgwirizano wa Abale anagwirizana ndi a Utraquists * a ku Czechoslovakia, omwe kwenikweni anali a chipembedzo cha Lutheran. Komabe a Mgwirizano wa Abale anapitiriza kugwira ntchito yomasulira ndi kusindikiza Baibulo komanso mabuku ena achipembedzo. N’zochititsa chidwi kuti m’mabuku awo oyambirira, patsamba lofotokoza za wofalitsa pankakhala Zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu m’Chihebri.

Mu 1620 ufumu wa Atchekosilovakiya unakakamizika kubwerera m’manja mwa tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika. Motero ambiri a Mgwirizano wa Abale a m’Gulu Lalikulu lija, anachoka ndi kukapitirizira ntchito zawo kunja kwa dzikolo. M’mayiko enawo, gululi linayamba kudziŵika ndi dzina loti Tchalitchi cha Moravia (poti Moravia ndi mbali ya dziko la Czechoslovakia), chomwe chidakalipo mpaka pano.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 12]

Zomwe a Gulu Laling’ono Ankakhulupirira

Mawu otsatiraŵa a m’mabuku a Acta Unitatis Fratrum a m’ma 1400 ndi m’ma 1500 akusonyeza zina mwa zinthu zimene a Gulu Laling’ono ankakhulupirira. Mfundozi, zomwe analemba ndi atsogoleri a Gulu Laling’ono, kwenikweni zinkapita kwa a Gulu Lalikulu.

Utatu: “Mutaona m’Baibulo lonse, simudzapeza kuti Mulungu ndi wogaŵika kukhala Utatu, anthu atatu ndi maina awo, monga momwe anthu ankaganizirira.”

Mzimu woyera: “Mzimu woyera ndi chala cha Mulungu ndiponso mphatso ya Mulungu, kapena chinthu chotonthoza, kapena Mphamvu ya Mulungu, yomwe Atate amapatsa anthu okhulupirira pamaziko a ntchito ya Kristu. M’Malemba Opatulika sitipezamo zakuti mzimu woyera uzitchedwa Mulungu kapena Munthu; ndipo nazonso zomwe atumwi analemba sizisonyeza zimenezo.”

Unsembe: “Amalakwitsa kukutchulani kuti “ansembe”; mutasiya kumeta ndiponso kuchiritsa kwanu, simungasiyane m’pang’ono pomwe ndi munthu wamba. Petro Woyera amafuna kuti Akristu onse akhale ansembe, ponena kuti: Inunso ndinu ansembe oyera mtima opereka nsembe zauzimu. (1 Petro 2)”

Ubatizo: “Ambuye Kristu anauza atumwi ake kuti: Mukani kudziko lonse lapansi, lalikirani Uthenga Wabwino kwa olengedwa onse, kwa omwe angakhulupirire. (Marko, chaputala 16) Pokhapokha atakwaniritsa mawu ameneŵa: ndi kubatizidwa, adzapulumutsidwa. Ndipo inu mumaphunzitsa kuti azibatiza ana ang’onoang’ono omwe alibe chikhulupiriro chawochawo.”

Kusachita nawo ndale ndiponso nkhondo: “Chinthu chomwe abale anu akale ankachiona kuti n’choipa ndi chodetsa, kuloŵa usilikali ndi kupha kapena kuyenda m’misewu kwenikweniku utanyamula zankhondo, inu mumaona kuti zonsezi n’zabwino . . . Motero tikuganiza kuti inuyo, pamodzi ndi aphunzitsi ena, simumvetsa mawu aulosi omwe amati: Motero athyola mphamvu za uta, chikopa ndi lupanga ndi nkhondo. (Salmo 75 [Salmo 76, m’Baibulo la Revised Nyanja (Union) Version]) Ndipo penanso pamati: Sizidzaipitsa kapena kusakaza m’phiri langa lonse loyera, chifukwa chakuti dziko lapansi la Ambuye lidzadzaza ndi kudziŵa Mulungu, ndi zina zotero. (Yesaya, chaputala 11).”

Kulalikira: “Timadziŵa bwino kuti, poyambirira, akazi anathandiza anthu ambiri kuti atembenuke mitima kusiyana ndi mmene ansembe onse pamodzi ndi mabishopu anachitira. Ndipo tsopano ansembe akukhala m’nyumba zimene apatsidwa ndi tchalitchi. Uku ndi kulakwa kwambiri! Pitani kudziko lonse. Lalikirani . . . kwa olengedwa onse.”

[Mapu patsamba 10]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

GERMANY

POLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC

BOHEMIA

Mtsinje wa Elbe

PRAGUE

Mtsinje wa Vltava

Klatovy

Chelčice

Kunwald

Vilémov

MORAVIA

Mtsinje wa Danube

[Zithunzi pamasamba 10, 11]

Kumanzere: Peter Chelčický; m’munsi: tsamba la mu “Net of the Faith”

[Chithunzi patsamba 11]

Gregory wa ku Prague

[Chithunzi patsamba 13]

Zithunzi zonse: S laskavým svolením knihovny Národního muzea v Praze, C̆esko