Nkhani ya Chiŵerengero cha Anthu, M’Baibulo, ndi M’tsogolo

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU SWEDEN

PADZIKO lonse panali anthu 1.65 biliyoni kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1900 ndipo anakwana 6 biliyoni pofika kumapeto kwa m’ma 1900. Kodi chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chipitirira kuchuluka motere? Kodi m’zaka 1,000 zimene taloŵazi anthu adzachuluka kwadzaoneni? Akatswiri amene amalimbana ndi mafunso ovuta ngati ameneŵa amatchedwa akatswiri a zachiŵerengero cha anthu ndipo zimene amafufuzazi zimatchedwa maphunziro a zachiŵerengero cha anthu.

Pa maphunziro a zachiŵerengero cha anthu amafufuza kuchuluka kwa anthu m’madera osiyanasiyana makamaka poganizira kukula kwa maderawo ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu amene akukhalamo, zigawo zimene akukhala, ndiponso zinthu zina zofunikira zokhudza anthuwo. Akatswiri amafufuza zinthu zitatu zimene zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu. Zinthuzi ndi chiŵerengero cha ana obadwa, chiŵerengero  cha anthu amene amafa, ndiponso chiŵerengero cha anthu osamukira kwina.

Ndiye palinso maphunziro a zachiŵerengero cha anthu m’nthaŵi zakale. Akatswiri a maphunziro ameneŵa amafufuza chilichonse chomwe angathe chokhudza moyo wa anthu akale pofufuza mosamala zinthu zolembedwa, mabwinja, mafupa, ndi zinthu zina zakale. Maphunziro ameneŵa, pena amadalira zongoganizira chabe ndipo pena amadalira sayansi. Buku lotchedwa Atlas of World Population History linati: “Zimene akatswiri oona zachiŵerengero cha anthu m’nthaŵi zakale amanena mongoganizira chabe, n’zosatheka kuzitsimikizira pakali panopo ndipo motero n’zosadalirika kwa akatswiri oŵerengera zinthu.” Komabe anthu ophunzira Baibulo amaona kuti maganizo a akatswiri a zachiŵerengero cha anthu n’ngofunika kuwaganizira bwino. Chifukwatu nthaŵi zambiri amakhala ogwirizana ndi nkhani za m’Baibulo.

Kuchuluka kwa Anthu Pambuyo pa Chigumula

Baibulo limati anthu eyiti okha ndi amene anapulumuka Chigumula cha masiku a Nowa. Akatswiri ena a zachiŵerengero cha anthu amati patatha zaka 1,400, padziko lonse anthu analipo pafupifupi 50 miliyoni. Kodi n’zosatheka kuti anthu 8 angachulukane mpaka kufika pa 50 miliyoni m’zaka 1,400?

Choyamba, tisaiwale kuti chiŵerengero cha 50 miliyonichi n’chongoyerekezera. Komabe, zimene Baibulo limanena pa Genesis 9:1 n’zochititsa chidwi. Pamenepa Baibulo limati: “Mulungu anadalitsa Nowa ndi ana ake, nati kwa iwo, Mubalane, muchuluke, mudzaze dziko lapansi.” Kenaka m’chaputala 10 ndi 11, timaŵerenga za mabanja 70 amene anachoka kwa ana a Nowa otchedwa Semu, Hamu ndi Yafeti. Tikapitiriza kuŵerenga, timafika pa ndandanda ya mibadwo ya anthu kuchokera pa Semu mpaka kukafika pa Abrahamu, amene ‘anadzabala ana aamuna ndi aakazi.’ Zikuoneka kuti nthaŵi imeneyi anthu ankaberekana kwambiri, mogwirizana ndi lamulo la Mulungu lakuti “mudzaze dziko lapansi.”

Nanga bwanji za chiŵerengero cha anthu akufa? Machaputala omwewo a buku la Genesis amalongosola kuti, pambuyo pa Chigumula, kwa zaka mazana angapo, anthu ankakhala ndi moyo kwa nthaŵi yaitali zedi. * Anthu akamaberekana kwambiri popanda kufa kaŵirikaŵiri, chiŵerengero chawo chimachuluka.

Pamene Aisrayeli Anali ku Aigupto

Ofufuza ena amakayikira zimene Baibulo limanena za mmene Aisrayeli anachulukira akukhala ku Aigupto. Baibulo limati kuchotsapo akazi a ana a Yakobo, “anthu onse a mbumba ya Yakobo, amene analoŵa m’Aigupto anali makumi asanu ndi awiri.” (Genesis 46:26, 27) Komatu, pamene Aisrayeli anachoka ku Aigupto, patatha zaka 215, panali anthu “zikwi mazana asanu ndi limodzi oyenda okha, ndiwo amuna, osaŵerenga ana.” (Eksodo 12:37) Titati tiŵerengere akazi ndi ana omwe, n’kutheka kuti Aisrayeli onse pamodzi analipo 3 miliyoni! Kodi n’zotheka kuchulukana motero?

Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, onani mosamala zimene Baibulo limanena pankhani ya kuchulukana kwa Aisrayeli ku Aigupto: “Ana a Israyeli ndipo anaswana, nabalana, nachuluka, nakhala nazo mphamvu zazikulu; ndipo dziko linadzala nawo.” Kuchulukana kwa Aisrayeliku kunali kosaonekaoneka.—Eksodo 1:7.

N’zochititsa chidwi kuti ngakhale masiku ano anthu achulukanapo chonchi m’mayiko ena, monga mmene zinalili m’dziko la Kenya cha m’ma 1980. Komabe chimene chinachititsa kuti kuchulukana kwa Aisrayeli kufike potere chinali chakuti anapitirizabe kuchulukana kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Baibulo lomwelo limalongosola chifukwa china chimene chinachititsa kuti Aisrayeli achulukane kwambiri.  Aisrayeli ali ku Aigupto sankasoŵa chakudya ayi. N’zosachita kufunsa kuti ngati dziko lili panjala, anthu ambiri amafa akanali aang’ono. Motero kumabadwa ana ochepa chabe. Komano Baibulo limasonyeza kuti Aisrayeli anali ndi chakudya chambiri. Anthu a m’banja la Yosefe atabwera ku Aigupto, Farao anauza Yosefe kuti: “Uwakhazike atate wako ndi abale ako pa dera lokometsetsa la dziko; akhale m’dziko la Goseni.” (Genesis 47:6) Ngakhale pamene Aisrayeli anasanduka akapolo a Aaigupto, zikuoneka kuti anali ndi chakudya chokwanira. Chifukwatu atalanditsidwa, iwo anayamba kukumbukira zakudya zimene ankadya ali akapolo ku Aigupto. Zakudya monga mkate, nsomba, nkhaka, mavwende, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyezi, ndiponso miphika ya nyama.—Eksodo 16:3; Numeri 11:5.

M’zaka 100 Zoyambirira Kristu Atabwera

Maphunziro a zachiŵerengero cha anthu angathandizenso kumvetsetsa Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu. Mwachitsanzo, n’kutheka kuti tikamaŵerenga lamulo limene Yesu anapereka kwa otsatira ake lakuti “phunzitsani anthu a mitundu yonse,” tingadzifunse kuti, ‘Kodi ntchito yolalikirayi inali yaikulu kukafika mpaka kuti?’ (Mateyu 28:19) Kodi ndi anthu angati amene anali kulamulidwa ndi Ufumu wa Roma m’zaka zimenezi? Ena amati mwina analipo anthu 50 kapena 60 miliyoni. Ngati izi zili zoona, ndiye kuti Akristu akaleŵa, olalikira uthenga wabwino, anali ndi chintchito chosaneneka!

M’Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu momwemo timamvamo kuti mtumwi Petro anakafika mpaka ku Babulo polalikira uthenga wabwino kumeneko. (1 Petro 5:13) N’chifukwa chiyani anasankha kupita ku Babulo? Mfundo imene inalembedwa m’buku la The New Encyclopædia Britannica ingatithandize kumvetsa chifukwa chake: “Kunja kwa Palestina, Ayuda ambiri ankapezeka ku Suriya, Asiya Mina, Babulo, ndi Aigupto, ndipo madera onseŵa anali ndi Ayuda osachepera 1,000,000 m’dera lililonse.” Petro anatsata gulu la anthu achiyuda ku Babulo popeza kuti anapatsidwa ntchito yolalikira makamaka Ayuda. (Agalatiya 2:9) Ndipo pakuti kumeneku kunali Ayuda ambiri, n’zachidziŵikire kuti Petro sanasoŵe anthu owalalikira!

Kodi M’tsogolo Mukhala Zotani?

Monga taonera, akatswiri a zachiŵerengero cha anthu amafuna kumvetsa zinthu zinazake za m’mbiri ya anthu. Kodi amanenapo chiyani pa zam’tsogolo? Akatswiriŵa ali ndi mafunso ofunika kwambiri. Kodi m’zaka 1,000 zino anthu adzachulukana kwadzaoneni? Palibe amene akudziŵa bwinobwino. Poona kuti m’mayiko angapo ana obadwa ayamba kuchepa, ofufuza ena amati chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse sichidzatsika kapena kukwera.

Komabe si akatswiri onse amene amagwirizana ndi zimenezi. Buku lotchedwa Population Today limati: “Masiku ano, pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa anthu, mayiko onse amagaŵidwa m’magulu aŵiri; pali gulu la mayiko okhala ndi mabanja a ana osapitirira aŵiri ndiponso mayiko okhala ndi mabanja a ana ambiri ndithu. Mayiko a gulu loyambali ndi monga mayiko a ku Ulaya, dziko la United States, Canada, Japan, ndi mayiko angapo amene ayamba kutukuka kwambiri . . . Komano mayiko amene akuchulukana anthu ndi mayiko ambiri a ku Africa, Asia, ndi Latin America, kumene mabanja amakhala ndi ana opitirira aŵiri. Anthu opitirira theka la anthu onse padziko pano amakhala m’mayiko ameneŵa ndipo pafupifupi mayi aliyense m’mayikoŵa ali ndi ana anayi.”

Choncho ngakhale kuti m’mayiko ena chiŵerengero cha anthu sichikuwonjezeka, m’mayiko ena chikuwonjezeka ndipo mwina sichikusintha kwenikweni. Magazini ya Population Today inanena motere za m’tsogolo: “Chiŵerengero cha anthu sichidzasiya kuwonjezeka m’mayiko ambiri osauka. Kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa anthu padziko lonse kungachitike ngati mayiko atachita changu ndiponso khama pa ntchito zochepetsa imfa za ana, ntchito zophunzitsa amayi, ndi zolera.”

Kodi padziko pano anthu adzapitirira kwambiri pa 6 biliyoni? Tiona mmene zinthu zikhalire m’tsogolo muno. Komano tikudziŵa kuti cholinga cha Mulungu n’chakuti dziko lidzaze, osati kuti lichite kusefukira ndi anthu. (Genesis 1:28) Ndipo tili ndi zifukwa zokwanira kukhulupirira kuti mu Ufumu wa Mulungu, zimenezi zidzachitikadi.—Yesaya 55:10, 11.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Anthu amene anapulumuka Chigumula anayamba kuchulukana ndipo tsopano anthu tapitirira 6 biliyoni

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Pa zaka 215, kagulu ka Aisrayeli ku Aigupto kanachukana n’kufika pa anthu 3 miliyoni