Kupenda Mavuto Odza ndi Mabomba Okwirira

Pa December 26, 1993, pamene Augusto anali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi anali kungoyenda panja m’dera lakufupi ndi Mzinda wa Luanda, umene uli likulu la Angola. Mwadzidzidzi anaona chinthu chonyezimira chili pansi. Pochita chidwi, anaganiza zochinyamula. Mmene anangochiti gwi basi bombalo linaphulika.

Chifukwa cha kuphulikako, Augusto anadulidwa mwendo wake wakumanja. Tsopano ali ndi zaka 12, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amangokhala pa mpando wa olemala, ndipo n’ngwakhungu.

AUGUSTO analumala chifukwa cha bomba lokwirira lotchera anthu. Mabomba ameneŵa amawatchera kwenikweni mochalira anthu osati akasinja kapena magalimoto ankhondo. Akuti pakali pano, mitundu yopitirira 350 ya mabomba okwirira otchera anthu apangidwa m’mayiko pafupifupi 50. Ambiri a mabombaŵa anawapanga kuti azingovulaza osati kupha. N’chifukwa chiyani anatero? Chifukwa chakuti asilikali ovulala amafuna chithandizo, ndipo msilikali wovulazidwa ndi bomba lokwirira amachedwetsa ntchito ya asilikaliwo, ndipo izi n’zimene adani awo amafuna. Kuphatikizanso apo, kulira kophupha kwa msilikali amene wavulala kungachititse mantha anzake. Motero, mabomba okwirira amati n’ngothandiza kwambiri ngati wovulalayo wapulumuka, ngakhale atavulala mwakayakaya.

Komabe, monga taonera m’nkhani yam’mbuyo ija, anthu ambiri amene amavutika ndi mabomba okwirira ndi anthu wamba, osati asilikali. Si kuti zimenezi nthaŵi zonse zimangochitika mwangozi. Malingana ndi buku lotchedwa kuti Landmines—A Deadly Legacy, mabomba ena “amawatchera mochalira anthu n’cholinga chofuna kupulula anthu m’dera linalake, kuwononga malo opezeka chakudya, kupanga magulu a anthu othaŵa nkhondo, kapena kungofuna kuti anthu atekeseke.”

Kuti titchulepo chitsanzo chimodzi, pankhondo ina ya ku Cambodia, mabomba anatcheredwa m’malire a midzi ya adani, ndipo kenaka midzi imeneyi anaiphulitsa ndi mabomba ochita kuponya. Pofuna kuthaŵa, anthu wamba ankangofikira m’matchera a mabomba okwirira aja. Panthaŵi yomweyi, pofuna kuti boma livomereze zokambirana, achipani choukira boma cha Khmer Rouge anatchera mabomba m’minda ya mpunga, ndipo izi zinachititsa mantha alimi ndiponso zinaloŵetsa pansi ulimi.

Mwina zimene zinachitika ku Somalia mu 1988 zinali zoopsa koposa izi. Pamene mudzi wotchedwa Hargeysa anauphulitsa, anthu a m’mudziwu anathaŵa. Kenaka asilikali anatchera mabomba okwirira m’nyumba anasiyazo. Pamene nkhondoyo inatha, othaŵa nkhondo aja anabwerera, koma anavulazidwa  kapenanso kuphedwa ndi mabomba anatchera aja.

Komatu sikuti mabomba okwirira amavulaza moyo ndi miyendo yokha. Taganizirani zinthu zina zimene zida zoipa zimenezi zimakhudza.

Kuwononga Chuma Ndiponso Umoyo wa Anthu

Kofi Annan, amene ali mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations, ananena kuti: “Kudziŵa kuti penapake pali bomba, kapena kungopaganizira chabe kungachititse kuti munda wathunthu usalimidwe, kungawononge ntchito imene mudzi wonse umapezera chakudya, ndipo kungaike vuto lowonjezereka pa ntchito yokonzanso ndi kutukula dziko.” Motero ku Afghanistan ndi ku Cambodia, malo owonjezereka okwana pafupifupi 35 peresenti bwenzi akulimidwa alimi akadapanda kuopa kuyenda pa nthakayo. Ena amaika moyo wawo pachiswe. Mlimi wina wa ku Cambodia ananena kuti, “Mabomba okwirira ndimawaopa, koma ngati nditapanda kukamweta udzu ndi kukadula nsungwi, ndiye kuti sitingakhale ndi moyo.”

Nthaŵi zambiri, opulumuka mabomba okwirira amakhala pavuto lalikulu la zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, m’mayiko amene akungotukuka kumene, mwana amene amaduka mwendo ali ndi zaka khumi adzafunikira kuikidwa miyendo yopanga yokwana 15 m’moyo wake, ndipo mwendo uliwonse ndalama zake, n’zokwana pafupifupi madola 125. N’zoona kuti zimenezi zingaoneke ngati ndalama zochepa kwa ena. Koma kwa anthu ambiri a ku Angola, ndalama zokwana madola 125 n’zokwanira ndalama zolandira pa miyezi itatu!

Taganiziraninso za kuwawa kwake chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa umoyo wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m’dziko lina la ku Asia, amapeŵa kukhala pamodzi ndi munthu wopuwala poopa kuti angawapatsire “tsoka.” Kwa olumala kupeza banja kungakhale chinthu chosatheka. “Sindiganizako zodzakwatira,” anadandaula motero munthu wina wa ku Angola amene anamudula mwendo atavulazidwa ndi bomba lokwirira. “Mkazi amafuna mwamuna amene angathe kugwira ntchito.”

M’pomveka kuti olumala ambiri amadziona ngati osafunika. “Sindingathenso kudyetsa banja langa, ndipo zimenezi zimandichititsa manyazi,” anatero bambo wina wa ku Cambodia. Nthaŵi zina maganizo ameneŵa angakhale ofooketsa kwambiri kuposa kuduka kwa chiwaloko. “Ndikukhulupirira kuti chinthu chimene chinkandiwawa kwambiri chinali maganizo,” anatero Artur, munthu wina woduka chiwalo wa ku Mozambique. “Nthaŵi zambiri ndinkapsa mtima munthu akangondiyang’ana basi. Ndinkaganiza kuti panalibe munthu aliyense amene ankandilemekeza ndipo kuti sindidzakhalanso ndi moyo wabwinobwino.” *

 Bwanji Osangowafukula?

M’zaka zaposachedwa ntchito yaikulu yachitika polimbikitsa mayiko kuti aletse kugwiritsa ntchito mabomba okwirira. Kuphatikizanso apo, mayiko ena ayamba kuchita ntchito yoopsa yochotsa mabomba amene anakwiriridwa. Koma pali mavuto angapo. Vuto lina ndilo nthaŵi. Kuchotsa mabomba okwirira ndi ntchito yapang’onopang’ono zedi. Anthu ochotsa mabomba amati mwina pamatenga nthaŵi yoŵirikiza makumi khumi kuti achotse bomba poyerekezera ndi nthaŵi imene imatha politchera. Vuto lina ndilo ndalama. Mtengo wa bomba limodzi ndi pakati pa madola 3 ndi 15, koma kulichotsa kumatenga madola okwana 1,000.

Motero, kuchotseratu mabomba onse kukuoneka kuti n’kosatheka. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mabomba onse amene ali ku Cambodia awachotseretu, ndiye kuti aliyense amene ali m’dziko limeneli ayenera kupereka ndalama zake zonse kuntchito imeneyi kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri zotsatira. Akuti ngakhale ndalamazo zikanakhalapo, kuchotsa mabomba onse ali kumeneko kungatenge zaka zana. Padziko lonse si kuti zinthu zili bwinopo ayi. Akuti atagwiritsira ntchito maluso amakono, ntchito yochotsa mabomba okwirira padziko lonse ingawononge ndalama zokwana madola 33 biliyoni ndipo ingathe zaka zopitirira chikwi!

N’zoona kuti pali njira zimene angozitulukira kumene zochotsera mabomba. Zina mwa izo ndi njira yogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo touluka tam’zipatso timene amatisintha chibadwa kuti tizitha kudziŵa pamene pali bomba. Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto zikuluzikulu zoyenda mulibe munthu zimene zingathe kuchotsa mabomba dera lokwana maekala asanu pa ola limodzi. Komabe, pangapite nthaŵi ndithu asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri maluso ameneŵa, ndipo n’zachionekere kuti adzakhala ku mayiko olemera okha.

Choncho, m’malo ambiri, mabomba amachotsedwa m’njira yakale yomwe ija. Munthu amakwawa chafufumimba n’kumapapasa dothi la kutsogolo kwake ndi kamtengo, ndipo amachotsa mabomba m’dera lalikulu kokwanira mamita 200 kapena mpaka 500 patsiku. Kodi n’zoopsa? Inde! Pamabomba 5,000 alionse amene amachotsedwa, wochotsa mabomba m’modzi amaphedwa ndipo aŵiri amavulala.

Zoyesa Zofuna Kugwirizana Polimbana ndi Mabomba Okwirira

M’December 1997, nthumwi zochokera kumayiko angapo zinavomereza Mgwirizano Woletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito, Kusunga, Kupanga ndi Kugulitsa Mabomba Okwirira Otchera Anthu ndi kuti Awawononge. Mgwirizanowu umatchedwanso kuti mgwirizano wa Ottawa. “Zimene takwanitsazi sizinachitikepo n’kale lonse pankhani yolanda zida mayiko ngakhalenso pa nkhani za malamulo a kusamalira anthu m’mayiko onse,” anatero Jean Chrétien, nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Canada. * Komabe, mayiko ena pafupifupi 60, kuphatikizapo ena amene amapanga mabomba okwirira ochuluka koposa padziko lonse, sanavomerezebe.

Kodi mgwirizano wa ku Ottawa umenewu uthetsadi vuto la mabomba okwirira? Mwina ungayese. Koma ambiri akukayikira. Claude Simonnot, amene ali woyang’anira nthambi ya bungwe loona za anthu olumala m’mayiko onse lotchedwa Handicap International ku France, ananena kuti, “ngakhale mayiko onse atatsatira mfundo za ku Ottawa, ndiye kuti tangoyamba chabe ntchito yochotsa zoopsa zonse za mabomba okwirira padziko lapansi.” N’chifukwa chiyani zili choncho? “Pali mabomba mamiliyoni  amene ali duu m’nthakamu, akudikirira wina kudzawaponda,” anatero Simonnot.

Wolemba mbiri ya zankhondo John Keegan anatchula chifukwa china. Iye anati “Nkhondo imafika malo obisika kwambiri a mumtima wa munthu, . . . malo okhala ndi chimake cha kunyada, odzaza ndi mkwiyo, olamulidwa ndi khalidwe la kutsatira chibadwa.” Mfundo za mgwirizano sizingasinthe makhalidwe ozama m’mitima ya anthu monga kudana ndi umbombo. Koma kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti anthu azivutika ndi mabomba okwirira mpaka kalekale?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Kodi Amadyera Kaŵiri?

Lamulo lofunika kwambiri pa zamalonda n’lakuti makampani ndiwo amaimbidwa mlandu ngati zinthu zomwe amapanga zikuvulaza anthu. Motero, Lou McGrath, wa m’bungwe lochotsa mabomba okwirira lotchedwa Mines Advisory Group, akutchula mfundo yakuti makampani amene akhala akupeza ndalama popanga mabomba okwirira ayenera kukhala ndi udindo wopereka ndalama zopepesera. Komabe, mmalo mwake, ambiri mwa makampani opanga mabombawa ndiwonso amapindula ndi ntchito yowachotsa. Mwachitsanzo, kampani ina ya ku Germany imene poyamba inkapanga mabomba okwirira akuti inapeza ntchito ya ndalama zokwana madola 100 miliyoni ku Kuwait. Ndipo ku Mozambique ntchito ya ndalama zokwana madola 7.5 miliyoni yochotsa mabomba m’misewu yofunika anaipereka kwa makampani atatu ogwirira ntchito pamodzi. Aŵiri mwa makampaniŵa adapangako mabomba okwirira.

Anthu ena amaona kuti makampani amene amapanga mabomba okwirira amalakwa kwabasi kuti pambuyo pake iwo omwewo azipanganso ndalama powachotsa. Iwo akunena kuti pamenepa ndiye kuti opanga mabombawa akudyera kaŵiri. Mulimonsemo, ntchito zopanga ndi kuchotsa mabomba okwirira zikupitirira kukhala zopindulitsa.

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Kuchuluka kwa mabomba okwirira pamalo okwana makilomita 2.5 alionse m’mayiko asanu ndi anayi okhala ndi mabomba ochuluka koposa padziko lonse

BOSNIA ndi HERZEGOVINA 152

CAMBODIA 143

CROATIA 137

EGYPT 60

IRAQ 59

AFGHANISTAN 40

ANGOLA 31

IRAN 25

RWANDA 25

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Gwero: United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, 1996

[Zithunzi patsamba 7]

Ku Cambodia, zikwangwani zokhala ndi zithunzi ndiponso zizindikiro zimachenjeza anthu kuti penapake pali mabomba okwirira

Pamabomba 5,000 alionse amene amachotsedwa, wochotsa mabomba m’modzi amaphedwa ndipo aŵiri amavulala

[Mawu a Zithunzi]

© ICRC/Till Mayer

Background: © ICRC/Paul Grabhorn

© ICRC/Philippe Dutoit