Mbere no mu rurimi rutagikoreshwa Bibiliya iguma ikora

MU BINJANA bikeya biheze, n’imiburiburi igice c’indimi zavugwa kw’isi zarazimanganye. Ururimi rureka gukora igihe abarwonse bataba bakiruvuga. Muri ubwo buryo, ikilatini gikunze kudondorwa ko ari “ururimi rutagikoreshwa,” naho nyene abantu benshi barwiga kandi rukaba rukiri rwo rurimi rwemewe rukoreshwa mu gisagara ca Vatikano.

Ikilatini kandi ni rwo rurimi impinduro zimwezimwe za Bibiliya zahinduwe neza gusumba izindi zari zanditswemwo. None mwene izo mpinduro zo mu rurimi rutagikoreshwa zoba zishobora ‘kuguma zikora’ muri kino gihe, zikagira ico zikoze ku basomyi ba Bibiliya bo muri iki gihe? Inkuru za kahise zishimishije zerekeye mwene izo mpinduro, ziradufasha kwishura ico kibazo.

Impinduro z’ikilatini za kera gusumba izindi

Ikilatini ni rwo rurimi rwatanguye kuvugwa i Roma. Ariko rero igihe intumwa Paulo yandikira abakirisu baba muri ico gisagara, yanditse mu kigiriki. a Ivyo nta ngorane vyateye kuko vyari bimenyerewe ko abantu bo muri ico gisagara bavuga izo ndimi zompi. Kubera yuko abantu benshi baba i Roma bari baje baturuka mu gice ca Aziya ntoya cavugwamwo ikigiriki, vyavugwa ko ico gisagara cariko gicika ic’Abagiriki. Indimi zavugwa mu Nganji y’Uburoma zagenda ziratandukana bivanye n’uturere, yamara ukwo iyo nganji yakura, ni ko abantu bavuga ikilatini barushiriza kwongerekana. Ivyo vyatumye Ivyanditswe Vyeranda bihindurwa mu kilatini bikuwe mu kigiriki. Ico gikorwa bisa n’uko catanguriye muri Afirika yo mu Buraruko mu kinjana ca kabiri G.C.

Ibisomwa bitandukanye vyanditswe ico gihe, bakunze kuvyita ngo Vetus Latina, canke impinduro yo mu kilatini ca kera. Nta candikano c’iminwe ca kera kirimwo impinduro y’Ivyanditswe yo mu kilatini yuzuye dushobora kuronka muri kino gihe. Ibihimba vyazigamwe hamwe n’ivyagiye birasubirwamwo mu majambo n’abanditsi ba kera, bisa n’ivyerekana ko ivyo bisomwa Vetus Latina bitari bigize ikintu kimwe, ni ukuvuga igitabu kiri hamwe. Ahubwo, biboneka ko vyanditswe n’abahinduzi batari bake, umwumwe wese akaba yakoze ukwiwe, mu biringo bitandukanye be no mu bibanza bitandukanye. Aho kuba igisomwa kimwe rero, ivyo bisomwa mu vy’ukuri ni impinduro zitandukanye zakoranirijwe hamwe zikuwe mu kigiriki.

Kuba abantu baragerageje ku giti cabo guhindura mu kilatini ibihimba vy’Ivyanditswe, vyaravyuye umuvurungano. Mu mpera z’ikinjana ca kane G.C., uwitwa Augustino yabona yuko “umuntu wese vyaba bishitse akaronka icandikano c’iminwe c’ikigiriki kandi akaba yibwira ko afise ubumenyi bwerekeye izo ndimi zibiri naho bwaba ari bukeyi gute, wasanga aca yiyamvya ngo akore igikorwa co guhindura” mu kilatini. Augustino be n’abandi babona ko hari impinduro nyinshi cane zariko zirakwiragira maze bakibaza niba zari iz’ukuri.

Impinduro y’uwitwa Jérôme

Umuntu yagerageje guhagarika uwo muvurungano ujanye n’ubuhinduzi yabaye Jérôme, uwakora rimwe na rimwe ari umunyamabanga wa Damase, uno akaba yari umusenyeri w’i Roma mu 382 G.C. Uwo musenyeri yarasavye Jérôme ngo asubiremwo igisomwa c’Injili cari mu kilatini, maze Jérôme arangiza ico gikorwa mu myaka mikeya gusa. Yaciye rero atangura gusubiramwo impinduro yo mu kilatini y’ibindi bitabu vyo muri Bibiliya.

Impinduro ya Jérôme, iyahavuye yitwa Vulgate, cari igisomwa gishingiye ku masôko atandukanye.  Mu guhindura Amazaburi, Jérôme yisunze impinduro yitwa Septante, ino ikaba ari impinduro yo mu kigiriki y’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo yarangiye guhindurwa mu kinjana ca kabiri B.G.C. Yarasubiyemwo Injili, yongera arahindura igihimba kinini c’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo abikuye mu giheburayo co mu ntango. Ivyanditswe bisigaye bishoboka ko vyasubiwemwo n’abandi. Ibihimba bigize ca gisomwa Vetus Latina na vyo nyene vyahavuye bisubira gusukiranywa na ya mpinduro ya Jérôme yitwa Vulgate.

Mu ntango, abantu ntibakiriye neza impinduro ya Jérôme. Mbere na Augustino yarayinebaguye. Ariko rero, bukebuke yahavuye yigaragaza ko ari yo Bibiliya iri hamwe nziza gusumba izindi zose. Mu kinjana c’umunani be n’ic’icenda, incabwenge nka Alcuin na Theodulf baratanguye gukosora amakosa ajanye n’ivy’indimi be n’inyandiko yari yaranyengetereye mu mpinduro ya Jérôme kubera yuko yaguma iza irimurwa kenshi. Abandi baragabaguye ico gisomwa mu bigabane, batuma vyoroha gutora ivyanditswe muri Bibiliya. Igihe haboneka imashini icapura ikoresheje inyuguti ziri ku twuma dupangwa tukongera tugapangurwa, impinduro ya Jérôme ni yo yabaye Bibiliya ya mbere yacapuwe.

Muri ya Nama ya Ekeleziya yabereye i Trente mu 1546, ni ho Ekeleziya gatolika yatanguriye kwita ya mpinduro ya Jérôme ngo ni Vulgate. Iyo nama yatangaje ko iyo Bibiliya ari “iy’ukuri,” maze igirwa igisomwa Ekeleziya izokwisunga. Muri ico gihe nyene, iyo nama yaranasavye ko iyo mpinduro isubirwamwo. Ico gikorwa categerezwa guhagarikirwa n’amakomite adasanzwe, ariko kubera yuko Papa Sixte wa gatanu yari ashashaye kuyibona yarangiye, bikaba kandi vyagaragara ko hari ukuntu yiyizigira birenze ku bijanye  n’ubushobozi bwiwe, yaciye afata ingingo yo kwiherahereza ico gikorwa. Igihe uwo mupapa yapfa mu 1590, iyo nteguro yari yasubiyemwo ni ho yari igitangura gucapurwa. Ubwo nyene abakaridinali baciye biyamiriza ico bise ngo ni impinduro yuzuyemwo amakosa, maze baca barabuza ivyo kuyikwiragiza.

Impinduro nshasha yasohowe mu 1592 mu kiringo ca Papa Kelementi w’umunani, yahavuye yitwa integuro yitiriwe Sixte na Kelementi. Yagumye ari impinduro yemewe ya Ekeleziya gatolika mu kiringo kitari gito. Impinduro Vulgate yitiriwe Sixte na Kelementi yarabaye kandi ishimikiro Ekeleziya gatolika yisunze mu mpinduro zayo zo mu ndimi zivugwa n’abanyagihugu benshi, nk’impinduro yo mu gitaliyano y’uwitwa Antonio Martini, yarangiye guhindurwa mu 1781.

Bibiliya y’ikilatini yo mu gihe ca none

Igikorwa co kwihweza ibisomwa cabaye mu kinjana ca 20 carerekanye neza ko impinduro Vulgate, cokimwe n’izindi mpinduro, yari ikeneye gusubirwamwo. Ku bw’ivyo, mu 1965, Ekeleziya gatolika yarashinze umugwi ujejwe gutunganya impinduro nshasha ya Vulgate yongera iwuzeza ibanga ryo gusubiramwo impinduro yo mu kilatini yisunze ubumenyi bugezweho. Ico gisomwa gishasha categerezwa gukoreshwa mu mirimo ya Ekeleziya gatolika igirwa mu kilatini.

Igihimba ca mbere c’iyo mpinduro nshasha cabonetse mu 1969, maze mu 1979 Papa Yohani Paulo wa kabiri aca aremeza iyo mpinduro yiswe Nova Vulgata. Mu mirongo itari mike yo mu nteguro ya mbere harimwo izina ry’Imana, Iahveh, muri iyo hakaba harimwo Kuvayo 3:15 be na 6:3. Mu nyuma, nk’uko umwe mu bari bagize ya komite abivuga, integuro yemewe igira kabiri, iyasohowe mu 1986, ngo “yarisubiyeko . . . izina Dominus [‘Umukama’] rirasubizwa mu kibanza ca Iahveh.”

Nka kumwe nyene impinduro Vulgate yari yaranebaguwe mu binjana vyari biheze, impinduro Nova Vulgata na yo nyene yaranebaguwe, irananebagurwa n’incabwenge z’abagatolika. Naho yari yabanje kuvugwa ko ari impinduro  abantu bo mu madini atandukanye bokwiyumvisemwo bimwe bikomeye, abenshi bayibona ko ari intambamyi ibuza amadini kuja inama n’ingingo, na canecane kubera yuko ari yo yari yashizweho ngo yisungwe mu guhindura mu ndimi zariko zirakoreshwa ico gihe. Mu Budagi, impinduro Nova Vulgata ni yo ibihari vyose vyari hagati y’abaporotisanti n’abagatolika vyari bishingiyeko mu bijanye no gusubiramwo impinduro imwe yari ihurijweko n’amadini atandukanye. Abaporotisanti bagiriza abagatolika ko bumira ku vy’uko iyo mpinduro nshasha yisunga impinduro Nova Vulgata.

Naho nyene ikilatini kitakivugwa cane, Bibiliya yo mu kilatini yaragize ico ikoze ku basomyi amamiliyoni, haba mu buryo bwibonekeza canke mu butibonekeza. Yaragize ico ikoze ku mvugo zikoreshwa mu vy’idini mu ndimi nyinshi. Ariko rero, naho Ijambo ry’Imana ryoba ryanditswe mu rurimi uruhe, rirabandanya kugira ububasha, rigahindura ubuzima bw’abantu amamiliyoni bihata babigiranye ukugamburuka kugira ngo bakore bisunga inyigisho z’igiciro ziri muri ryo.​—Abaheburayo 4:12.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Iciyumviro ku rup. 23]

Papa Yohani Paulo wa kabiri yaremeje impinduro Nova Vulgata. Integuro yayo ya mbere yarimwo izina ry’Imana, Iahveh

[Uruzitiro ku rup. 21]

AMAJAMBO YAKORESHEJWE CANE

Impinduro Vetus Latina, iyahinduwe ikuwe mu kigiriki, yarimwo amajambo yohavuye akoreshwa cane. Rimwe muri ayo ni ijambo ry’ikigiriki di·a·theʹke, irisobanura ngo “isezerano,” ryahinduwe ngo testamentum, canke “ubwuzure.” (2 Abakorinto 3:14) Icavuyemwo ni uko abantu benshi n’ubu bacita Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo ngo ni Ubwuzure bwa kera, Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki na vyo ngo ni Ubwuzure bushasha.

[Uruzitiro ku rup. 23]

Ubuyobozi Bwanebaguwe Cane

Mu 2001, urwego rwa Ekeleziya rw’i Vatikano (Congrégation pour le culte divin et la discipline des sacrements) rwarasohoye ico rwise ngo ni ubuyobozi bwerekeye Liturujiya nyayo (Liturgiam authenticam), inyuma y’imyaka ine ryamaze rigira ivyigwa. Ubwo buyobozi bwaranebaguwe bimwe bikomeye n’incabwenge nyinshi z’abagatolika.

Nk’uko ubwo buyobozi bubivuga, kubera yuko impinduro Nova Vulgata ari yo nteguro yemewe Ekeleziya ikoresha, ngo ni yo izindi mpinduro zose zikwiye kwisunga, mbere naho yoba ititura ibivugwa mu vyandikano vyo mu ntango. Igihe gusa impinduro yinaka ya Bibiliya yisunze ubwo buyobozi ni ho honyene ishobora kwemerwa n’abakuru ba Ekeleziya gatolika. Ubwo buyobozi buvuga ko mu mpinduro za Ekeleziya gatolika, “izina ry’Imana Mushoboravyose ryandikwa muri za ndome zine z’igiheburayo (YHWH)” rikwiye guhindurwa mu “rurimi urwo ari rwo rwose Bibiliya yoba iriko irahindurwamwo hakoreshejwe ijambo rifise insobanuro imwe” na Dominus, canke “Umukama,” nk’uko integuro igira kabiri y’impinduro Nova Vulgata ibigira, naho nyene integuro ya mbere yakoresheje ijambo “Iahveh.” b

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 22]

Impinduro ya bibiliya yo mu kilatini y’uwitwa Alcuin, yo mu 800 G.C.

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Yakuwe muri Paléographìe latine, biciye kuri F. Steffens (www.archivi.beniculturali.it)

[Ifoto ku rup. 22]

Impinduro yitwa Vulgate yitiriwe Sixte na Kelementi, yo mu 1592

[Ifoto ku rup. 23]

Kuvayo 3:15, mu mpinduro yitwa Nova Vulgata, yo mu 1979

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

© 2008 Libreria Editrice Vaticana