Ivyaremwe bitwigisha iki?

“Ndakwinginze ubaze ibitungwa, bizokwigisha; n’ibiremwa vy’amababa vyo mu kirere, bizokubwira. Canke, niwegere isi, izokwigisha; n’amafi yo mu kiyaga azobikumenyesha.”​—YOBU 12:7, 8.

MURI iyi myaka ya vuba, abahinga n’abashakashatsi bararetse ibiterwa n’ibikoko birabigisha. Bariga ukuntu bimeze maze bakavyigana mu gukora ibintu bishasha canke mu kuryohora ivyari bihasanzwe. Uko urimbura uburorero bukurikira, niwibaze uti: ‘Ni nde vy’ukuri abereye gushimagizwa ku bw’ivyo bahingura?’

Kwigira ku vyubi vy’igifi c’ikimizi

Ni ibiki abahinguzi b’indege bashobora kwigira ku gifi c’ikimizi bita baleine à bosse? Bisa n’uko bocigirako vyinshi cane. Ico gifi, iyo gikuze gipima amatoni nka 30, ni ukuvuga uburemere bungana n’ubw’ikamyo yuzuye no ku bunwa, kikaba kandi gifise umubiri usa n’uwugumaraye be n’ivyubi bininibinini bimeze nk’amababa. Ico gifi c’uburebure bw’imetero 12 usanga kibangutse bimwe bitangaje igihe kiba kiriko kiriyunguruza mu mazi. Nk’akarorero, iyo kiriko kirarondera ivyo kirya, kirashobora kwoga amaduga kizunguruka ahari amafi canke inkara, congera kiza kirahuha muri ayo mazi. Izo mpemu gihuha zituma amazi yuzuramwo udupurizo, maze tukagira umuzingi ukora nk’urusenga ungana n’imiburiburi n’imetero zine. Udukoko ico gifi gishaka gufata duca tuguma muri uwo muzingi, maze na co kigaca kitudugiramwo, kikatumiragura.

Ikintu canecane catangaje abashakashatsi ni ukuntu ico gifi gifise umubiri ugumaraye gishobora gukata amakorosi agoye cane kibigiranye ububangutsi bwinshi. Basanze ukuntu ivyubi vyaco bimeze ari co kintu gituma ivyo bishoboka. Imbere ku vyubi vyaco ntiharinganiye nka kurya bimeze ku mababa y’indege, ahubwo riho usanga hameze nka kurya kw’umusumeno.

Igihe ico gifi kiba kiriko kiriyunguruza mu mazi, ivyo vyubi vyaco biratuma kirusha inguvu amazi. Uti gute? Ikinyamakuru kimwe (Natural History) gisigura yuko ibintu bimeze nk’amenyo y’umusumeno biri ku cubi c’ico gifi bituma amazi ico cubi gisunika aca yihuta cane, akagenda amera nk’ayagira umuzingi. Ukwo ni ko bigenda n’igihe mbere kiba kiriko kiroga kiduga hejuru y’amazi. Iyaba ico cubi cari kiringaniye, ico gifi nticoshoboye gukata amakorosi kubera kitoshobora gusunika amazi.

None ivyo bintu bubuye bishobora kuba ngirakamaro mu biki? Hamwe abantu bogerageza guhingura amababa y’indege bisunze ukwo kuntu ivyubi vy’ico gifi bimeze, biboneka ko bokenera gusa gukoresha igitigiri gitoyi c’ivyuma bitandukanye basanzwe bashira ku mababa y’indege kugira ngo biyifashe kugabanya inguvu z’umuyaga. Indege zoba zifise mwene ayo mababa zorushiriza kwizigirwa kandi kuzibungabunga bikarushiriza kworoha. Uwitwa John Long, uno akaba ari umuhinga mu vyo guhingura ibintu afatiye ku vyaremwe, avuga ko vuba “indege zose tuzobona zizoba zifise amababa ahinguwe hisunzwe ukuntu ivyubi vy’ico gifi bimeze.”

Kwigana amababa y’inyoni yitwa inguriguri

Ni ivy’ukuri yuko amababa y’indege ahingurwa hisunzwe ukuntu amababa y’inyoni ameze. Ariko rero, abahinga baherutse kugira ivyo baryohoye mu bijanye n’ukwo guhingura amababa y’indege bafatiye ku mababa y’inyoni. Ikinyamakuru kimwe (New Scientist) kivuga giti: “Abashakashatsi bo kuri Kaminuza y’i Floride barahinguye akadege kadakenera umudereva, kano kakaba gashobora guhagarara mu kirere, gushunguruka buravyo no guca kaduga bwampi mu kirere, nka kurya kw’inguriguri.”

Inguriguri zigirira ivyo bintu bitangaje cane mu kirere mu kuza zirazinga zongere zizingurura amababa yazo. Ikinyamakuru kimwe kivuga yuko mu kwigana ukwo kuntu amababa y’iyo nyoni ameze, hahinguwe “akadege k’uburebure bwa santimetero 60 gafise akamoteri gatoyi gatuma utwuma dutambitse kuri ako kadege tuyobora ayo mababa.” Ayo mababa yahinguwe mu buryo buhanitse aratuma ako kadege gashobora guhagarara hagati y’inyubakwa ndende z’amagorofa canke kagashunguruka gaca hagati yazo. Inzego zimwezimwe za gisirikare zirashashaye guhingura indege karuhariwe imeze nk’ako kadege yokoreshwa mu kurondera mu bisagara bininibinini ahari ibirwanisho vy’ubumara be n’ibirimwo imigera.

Kwigana amaguru y’icugu

N’ibikoko bigendagenda kw’isi birashobora kutwigisha vyinshi. Nk’akarorero, agakoko ko mu bwoko bw’umuserebanyi kitwa icugu gafise ubushobozi bwo kwurira ku mpome no kugendagenda ku gisenge gacuramye. Mbere no kuva igihe Bibiliya yari ikiriko irandikwa, ako gakoko kari kazwi ko gafise ubwo bubangukirwe budasanzwe. (Imigani 30:28) None kabishobora gute?

Ubuhinga bw’ako gakoko bwo kumata ku kintu gisenye nk’ikiyo buhagaze ku vy’uko amaguru yako ariko utuntu tumeze nk’utwoya. Nta burembo buri kuri ayo maguru. Ahubwo riho, ako gakoko kikora ku nguvu zihingurwa n’uduce inzatsa twitwa molécules. Mwene utwo duce tuba turi kuri ico cugu turakwega utuba turi ku co kiba kiriko kiracako, bigatuma kidashobora gukoroka. Mu bisanzwe, ububasha bwo kwikwegerako ibintu isi ifise burasumba izo nguvu zihingurwa n’utwo tugingo, akaba ari vyo bituma umuntu adashobora gushira ibiganza ku ruhome ngo ace amata. Ariko twa twoya turi ku maguru y’icugu dutuma ububasha bwo kumata ku ruhome bwiyongera. Inguvu zihingurwa na twa duce zigiye hamwe na twa twoya, bituma ico cugu kidashobora gukoroka.

None ivyo vyofasha iki abashakashatsi? Barashobora kwigana ayo maguru y’icugu mu guhingura ibintu bimata vyokora mu gishingo c’ivyitwa Velcro, na vyo nyene uwabihinguye akaba yiganye ivyaremwe. * Ikinyamakuru kimwe (The Economist) kivuga ko umushakashatsi umwe yavuze ko ibintu vyohingurwa biganye amaguru y’icugu, vyoshobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura mu gihe boba batoshobora gukoresha ibindi bintu bimata birimwo imiti.

Ni nde abereye gushimagizwa?

Muri iki gihe, urwego ruraba ibijanye n’ikirere rwitwa NASA rwo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ruriko rurahingura ikimashini c’ikirobo c’amaguru menshi kigendagenda nk’akamina. Abahinga bo muri Finlande na bo baramaze guhingura ikimashini c’amaguru atandatu gishobora kwurira ibintu vyokizibira, nka kurya kw’ikimonyo. Abandi bashakashatsi barahinguye impuzu ifise utuntu tumeze nk’utugaragamba bafatiye ku kuntu imishishi y’imbuto z’igiti co mu bwoko bw’ipinusi iza iriyugurura ikongera ikiyugara. Hari ihinguriro ry’imiduga ririko rirakora imiduga rifatiye ku mero itangaje y’ifi imwe imeze nk’agasandugu yitwa poisson coffre, iyo mero ikaba ari yo ituma iyo fi yoroherwa no kwiyunguruza mu mazi. Hari n’abandi bashakashatsi bariko bagerageza gusuzuma ibintu bituma inzu y’igifyera co mu mazi citwa ormeau idashoka imeneka, ivyo bakaba babigira bafise intumbero yo guhingura udukoti tudatoborwa n’amasasu, duhwahutse ariko dukomeye cane.

Ibidukikije vyaratumye abashakashatsi baronka ivyiyumviro vyiza umuyoro ku buryo ubu bamaze kwegeranya amakuru y’ishimikiro arimwo urutonde rw’ibintu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi vyerekeye ibinyabuzima. Ca kinyamakuru (The Economist) kivuga yuko abanyasiyansi bashobora kwisunga ayo makuru kugira ngo batorere umuti “ingorane bahura na zo mu vyo bahingura bafatiye ku binyabuzima vyo mu bidukikije.” Urutonde rw’ibintu vyerekeye ibinyabuzima bivugwa muri ayo makuru, vyiswe ko ari uburenganzira ibinyabuzima bifise bwo kutiganwa. Mu bisanzwe, ishirahamwe canke umuntu amenyesha imbere y’amategeko iciyumviro gishasha yashitseko canke icuma gishasha yahinguye, ni we aronswa uburenganzira bubuza abandi kwigana ivyo yashitseko. Mu kugira ico kivuze kuri ya makuru yerekeye uburenganzira ibinyabuzima bifise bwo kutiganwa, ca kinyamakuru nyene kigira giti: “Ukuba abashakashatsi bafata ibintu bihanitse bashikako barabiye ku binyabuzima bakavuga ko ngo ari ‘uburenganzira ibinyabuzima bifise bwo kutiganwa,’ mu vy’ukuri nta kindi baba bakoze atari ugushimika ku vy’uko ivyo binyabuzima nyene ari vyo bifise uburenganzira bwo kutiganwa.”

None vyagenze gute ngo ibidukikije bibe isoko ry’ivyo vyiyumviro vyose bitangaje ukuraho? Abashakashatsi benshi bavuga ko ibintu vyo mu bidukikije bisa n’ibihanitse, vyabonetse mu kuza harabaho iki canke kiriya biciye kw’ihindagurika ryabaye mu kiringo c’imyaka amamiliyoni. Ariko rero, abandi bashakashatsi bashikiriza iciyumviro gitandukanye n’ico. Mu kinyamakuru kimwe (The New York Times) co mu 2005, uwitwa Michael Behe, uno akaba ari umuhinga mu vyerekeye utunyabuzima dutoduto, yanditse ati: “Ubuhinga bwibonekeza bimwe bikomeye mu [bidukikije] butuma umuntu ashika kuri uku kuri gusanzwe yamara kujijura: ‘Akuzuye ntikamurikwa.’” None aho yashaka kwerekana iki? Avuga ati: “Ukuba ikintu kinaka cibonekeza ntibikwiye guca bituma umuntu afatira mu rwara ivy’uko hariho uwagishizeho.”

Umuhinga ahinguye amababa y’indege bigatuma irushiriza kwizigirwa no kuba ngirakamaro, nta gukeka ko akwiye guterwa iteka kubera ico kintu aba yahinguye. Umuntu yiyumviriye uburyo bushasha bwo guhingura impuzu irushirije kuba iyibereye canke umuduga ukora neza kuruta, na we nyene arakwiye guterwa iteka kubera ico kintu aba yahinguye. Tuvugishije ukuri, umuntu yohingura ikintu afatiye ku cahinguwe n’uwundi muntu, yamara ntatere iteka uwo yagihinguye ubwa mbere, yobonwa ko ari inkozi y’ikibi.

Abashakashatsi karuhariwe usanga bahingura ibintu uko bishakiye, bafatiye ku binyabuzima biri mu bidukikije kugira ngo batorere umuti ingorane ziba zibahanze mu bijanye no guhingura ibintu. Ariko, bamwebamwe muri bo usanga bavuga yuko ivyo bintu bihanitse bisunga mu kugira ivyo bahinguye, vyabayeho biciye kw’ihindagurika ryapfuye kwiyadukiza. None wewe wumva ivyo vyumvikana? Niba mu guhingura ikintu kinaka hisunzwe ikiba gisanzwe kiriho bisaba ko haboneka umuhinguzi w’umunyabwenge, none ico afatirako coco vyagenze gute ngo kibeho? Ni nde none mu vy’ukuri yoterwa iteka kuruta uwundi? Yoba ari uwagihinguye ubwa mbere canke ni uwo amwigana?

Insozero yumvikana

Abantu benshi, bamaze kwihweza ibimenyamenya vyerekana ko ivyo mu bidukikije hariho uwabishizeho, baca bumva bamerewe nk’uko umwanditsi wa Zaburi yumvise amerewe, igihe yandika ati: “Ewe kuntu ibikorwa vyawe ari vyinshi, Yehova we! Vyose wabikoranye ubukerebutsi. Isi yuzuye ivyo wakoze.” (Zaburi 104:24) N’umwanditsi wa Bibiliya yitwa Paulo yashitse kuri ico ciyumviro nyene. Yanditse ati: “Kuko kamere [z’Imana] zitaboneka zibonwa neza uhereye kw’iremwa ry’isi, kubera ko zitahurirwa ku bintu vyaremwe, ni zo bubasha bwayo bw’ibihe bidahera n’Ubumana bwayo.”​—Abaroma 1:19, 20.

Yamara rero, abantu benshi b’umutima nziraburyarya, bubaha Bibiliya kandi bakizera Imana, vyobagora gutahura ko Imana yoba yakoresheje ihindagurika mu kurema ibintu bitangaje tubona mu bidukikije. Ariko none Bibiliya yigisha iki?

[Akajambo k’epfo]

 [Iciyumviro nyamukuru ku rup. 5]

Vyagenze gute ngo ibidukikije bibe isoko ry’ivyo vyiyumviro vyose vyiza ukuraho?

 [Iciyumviro nyamukuru ku rup. 6]

Nyene uburenganzira ibinyabuzima bifise bwo kutiganwa, ni nde?

 [Uruzitiro/​Pictures ku rup. 7]

Niba mu guhingura ikintu kinaka hisunzwe ikiba gisanzwe kiriho bisaba ko haboneka umuhinguzi waco, none ico afatirako coco vyagenze gute ngo kibeho?

Abakoze aka kadege gahanitse biganye amababa y’inguriguri

Amaguru y’icugu ntiyigera acafura ngo bitume aho gihonyoye hasigara amakanda. Kiramata ahantu aho ari ho hose kiretse ku bintu vyitwa Téflon. Amaguru yaco aramata ahantu akongera akamaduka bitagoranye. Abashakashatsi bariko baragerageza kuyigana

Uwu muduga wahinguwe hisunzwe imero itangaje y’iyi fi imeze nk’agasandugu

[Abodukesha amafoto]

Indege: Kristen Bartlett/ University of Florida; ukuguru kw’icugu: Breck P. Kent; ifi imeze nk’agasandugu be n’umuduga: Mercedes-Benz USA

 [Uruzitiro/​Ifoto ku rup. 8]

INGENZI Z’INKEREBUTSI BIVUYE KW’ITIMA

Ibikoko vyinshi bigenza itima bibigiranye ubukerebutsi mu kuntu bibayeho hano kw’isi. (Imigani 30:24, 25) Raba uburorero bubiri.

▪ Ingene ibimonyo bimenya inzira vyazananye: Iyo ibimonyo bigiye kurondera ibifungurwa, bimenya gute inzira ibisubiza mu mugina vyavuyemwo? Abashakashatsi bo mu Bwongereza basanze ivyo bimonyo bisiga amakanda aho vyaciye, ariko kandi bimwebimwe muri vyo bigenda birihweza aho vyaciye ku buryo bishobora kuhibuka. Nk’akarorero, ikiganiro co mu gitabu kimwe (New Scientist) kivuga ko ubwoko bumwe bw’ibimonyo (vyitwa pharaoh) “bica inzira yakaka iva mu mugina, ihava ikigaburamwo kubiri ku buryo hagati hasigara imfuruka ya dogere 50 canke 60.” None ni igiki gitangaje muri ivyo? Igihe ikimonyo kiriko kirasubira mu mugina, iyo gishitse aho iyo nzira yigaburira, gica gifata inzira idakata cane kibigiranye itima, iyo akaba ari yo nzira igishikana ku mugina. Ca kiganiro nyene kivuga giti: “Kuba ibimonyo bigenda birihweza aho vyaciye bituma birushiriza kworoherwa no guca muri ya nzira biba vyaciye, na canecane igihe biba biri kumwe n’ivyo bitazananye, ivyo bigatuma kimwekimwe cose kidata umwanya ngo gice mu nzira itari yo.”

▪ Ingene inyoni zimenya inzira: Inyoni nyinshi ziramenya inzira zijana zitihenda naho zoba zija kure cane canke ikirere kikaba cifashe gute. Uti zibigenza gute? Abashakashatsi basanze inyoni zishobora kumenya amerekero y’isi. Ariko rero, ikinyamakuru kimwe (Science) kivuga ko “amerekero y’isi ashobora guhinduka bivanye n’akarere kandi ko agashinge ka rugenimpande gashobora kwihenda mu kwerekana mu buraruko.” None ni igiki gituma inyoni zitazimira? Biboneka ko buri mugoroba inyoni zikosora ico twokwita rugenimpande iri muri zo bivanye n’aho izuba rirengera. Kubera ko aho izuba rirengera hashobora guhinduka bivanye n’akarere canke ikiringo c’umwaka, abashakashatsi biyumvira ko izo nyoni zihuza n’ayo mahinduka zikoresheje ico twokwita “ikirangamisi ndemanwa kizifasha kumenya ikiringo c’umwaka,” nk’uko bivugwa na ca kinyamakuru nyene.

Ni nde yatumye ibimonyo bishobora kumenya inzira vyazananye? Ni nde yashize mu nyoni ico kirangamisi, rugenimpande be n’ubwonko buzifasha kumenya amakuru zikeneye? Ryoba ari ihindagurika? Canke hariho Umuremyi aciye ubwenge?

[Abo dukesha amafoto]

© E.J.H. Robinson 2004