Ko Hai ʻa e Kau ʻAnapapitaisó?

KO E kau ʻaʻahi ʻi he ʻuluaki taimí ki he senitā ʻo e kolo tefito ko Münster ʻi Westphalia, Siamané, ʻoku nau meimei tuʻu maʻu pē ʻo sio fakamamaʻu ki he ʻā ukamea ʻe tolu ʻa ia ʻoku tautau mei ha taua ʻo ha fale lotu. Tuku kehe ʻa e ngaahi vahaʻa taimi nounou ko iá, ko e ngaahi ʻaá kuo nau ʻi ai ʻi he meimei taʻu ʻe 500. Naʻe muʻaki tauhi ai ʻa e sino ʻo e kau tangata ʻe toko tolu ʻa ia naʻe fakamamahiʻi pea tāmateʻi fakahāhā. Ko e kau tangatá ko e kau ʻAnapapitaiso, pea ko e ngaahi ʻaá ko e ngaahi meʻa tauhi fakamanatu ia ʻo honau puleʻangá.

Ko hai ʻa e kau ʻAnapapitaisó? Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e kamata ʻa e kulupú? Ko e hā ʻene ngaahi akonaki tefitó? Ko e hā naʻe tāmateʻi ai ʻa e kau tangatá? Pea ko e hā ʻa e fehokotaki ʻa e ʻā ʻe tolú mo ha puleʻanga?

Fakaleleiʻi ʻa e Siasí—Ka ʻe Anga-Fēfē?

ʻI he konga ki mui ʻo e senituli hono 15 mo e 16, naʻe tupu ai ʻa hono fakaangaʻi ʻo e Siasi Katolika Lomá pea mo e haʻa faifekaú. Naʻe hūhū ʻa e tuʻunga ololalo mo e ʻulungāanga taʻetaau ki he siasí; ko ia ai, naʻe ongoʻi ʻe he tokolahi naʻe fiemaʻu ha ngaahi liliu lahi. ʻI he 1517, naʻe kole fakahāhā ai ʻa Mātini Lūtelo ki ha fakalelei, pea ʻi he kau ʻa e niʻihi kehe ki he tipeití, naʻe vave ai ʻa e fakalakalaka ʻa e Fakalelei Lotu Palotisaní.

Ka ko e kau fakalelei lotú naʻe ʻikai haʻanau palani tatau ki he meʻa naʻe totonu ke faí pe ko e hā ʻa e tuʻunga naʻe totonu ke aʻu ki ai ʻa e ngaahi liliú. Naʻe ʻiloʻi ʻe he tokolahi ʻa e fiemaʻu ke pipiki ki he Tohi Tapú ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fekauʻaki mo e lotú. Neongo ia, naʻe ʻikai lava ke aʻu ʻo loto-tatau ʻa e kau fakalelei lotú ʻi ha fakaʻuhinga anga-maheni ʻo e ngaahi akonaki ʻa e Tohi Tapú. Naʻe ongoʻi ʻe he niʻihi naʻe fakalakalaka mātuʻaki māmālie ʻa e Fakalelei Lotú. Pea naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kau fakalelei lotu ko ení ʻa e kulupu ʻAnapapitaisó.

“Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe ʻikai ke taha pē ʻa e kulupu papitaisó; naʻe lahi,” ko e tohi ia ʻa Hans-Jürgen Goertz ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Die Täufer​—Geschichte und Deutung. Hangē ko ení, ʻi he 1521 ko e kau tangata ʻe toko fā naʻe ʻiloa ko e kau palōfita Zwickau naʻa nau fakatupunga ha lāulea lahi ʻaki hono malangaʻi ʻa e ngaahi akonaki ʻa e ʻAnapapitaisó ʻi Wittenberg. Pea ʻi he 1525 ko ha kulupu mavahe ʻo e kau ʻAnapapitaisó naʻe fokotuʻu ia ʻi Zurich, Suisalani. Naʻe toe kamata foki ʻa e ngaahi kulupu ʻAnapapitaiso ʻi Molāvia—ko e Lepupilika Sekí ia he taimí ni—pea ʻi Netaleni.

Papitaisó—Ki he Fānaú pe ki he Kakai Lalahí?

Naʻe meimei tokosiʻi maʻu pē ʻa e ngaahi kulupu ʻAnapapitaisó, pea ko hono kau mēmipá naʻa nau tōʻonga fakamelino ʻi he tuʻunga fakalūkufuá. Ko hono kau muimuí naʻe ʻikai haʻanau ngaahi fakapulipuli ki heʻenau tuí; ko hono moʻoní, naʻa nau malanga ki he niʻihi kehé. Ko e ngaahi tokāteline tefito ʻa e tui ʻAnapapitaisó naʻe fakahaaʻi ia ʻi he Tui Schleitheim ʻi he 1527. ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi meʻa kehé, naʻa nau fakafisi ke fai ha ngāue fakakautau, hanganaki mavahe mei he māmaní pea tuʻusi ʻa e kau faihalá. Ka ko e meʻa naʻá ne fakamatalaʻi ʻenau tuí ʻo laka ia ʻi ha toe meʻa kehe, ʻi hono fakamavaheʻi mahino ʻa e kau ʻAnapapitaisó mei he ngaahi lotu kehé, ko e tuipau mālohi ko ia ko e papitaisó ki he kakai lalahí ʻo ʻikai ki he fānaú. *

Ko e papitaiso ʻo e kakai lalahí naʻe ʻikai ko ha fehuʻi pē ia ʻi he tokāteline fakalotú; ko ha ʻīsiu ia ʻo e mafai. Kapau naʻe toloi ʻa e papitaisó kae ʻoua kuo aʻu ki he tuʻunga fuʻu lahí—ʻo fakaʻatā ai ha tokotaha ke ne fai ha fili makatuʻunga ʻi he tuí—ʻe ʻikai ʻaupito nai ke papitaiso ʻa e niʻihi ia. Pea ko e faʻahinga tāutaha ʻoku ʻikai papitaisó, te nau ʻi ha tuʻunga, ʻo e nofo ai pē ʻi tuʻa mei he pule ʻa e siasí. Ki he ngaahi siasi ʻe niʻihi, ko e papitaiso ʻo e kakai lalahí naʻe ʻuhinga iá ko e mole ʻa e mafaí.

 Ko ia ai, ko e kau Katoliká mo e Lūteló fakatouʻosi naʻa nau loto ke fakalotosiʻi ʻa hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e papitaiso ʻa e kakai lalahí. Hili ʻa e 1529, ʻi ha ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi, ko e faʻahinga naʻa nau fakahoko ʻa e papitaiso ʻo e kakai lalahí pe naʻa nau papitaiso ko e kakai lalahí naʻa nau ʻi ha tuʻunga ai ke maʻu ʻa e tautea maté. Ko e fainusipepa ko Thomas Seifert ʻokú ne fakamatala ko e kau ʻAnapapitaisó naʻe “fakatangaʻi fakamamahi ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ʻEmipaea Loma Māʻoniʻoni ʻo e Puleʻanga Siamané.” Naʻe aʻu ʻa e fakatangá ki hono tumutumú ʻi Münster.

Kumi ʻa Münster ʻi he Kuonga Lotolotó ki ha Liliu

Ko Münster ʻi he Kuonga Lotolotó naʻe ʻi ai hono kakai ʻe toko 10,000 nai pea naʻe ʻā takai ia ʻe ha meimei fokotuʻutuʻu maluʻi taʻealaikunaʻi, ko e mita nai ʻe 90 ʻa hono fālahí pea kilomita nai ʻe 5 takatakai. Kae kehe, ko e tuʻunga ʻi he loto koló, naʻe siʻi ʻaupito ʻa ʻene tuʻumaʻú ʻi hono ngaahi maluʻí. Ko e Kingdom of the Anabaptists, naʻe pulusi ʻe he Misiume Fakakolo ʻo Münster, ʻoku lave ai ki he “ngaahi vākovi fakapolitikale ʻi loto ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Māʻolungá pea mo e kau Mēsianiti ʻo e Koló.” ʻIkai ko ia pē, ko e kau nofo aí naʻa nau ʻiteʻita ʻi he tōʻonga ʻa e haʻa faifekaú. Naʻe tali ʻe he kau Münster ʻa e Fakalelei Lotú pea ʻi he 1533 naʻa nau liliu ai mei ha kolo Katolika ki ha kolo Lūtelo.

Ko e taha ʻo e kau malanga fakalelei lotu tefito ʻi Münster ko Penihaati Lofumeni, ko ha tokotaha naʻe ʻi ha tuʻunga anga-ʻaʻafu moʻoni. ʻOku fakamatala ʻa e faʻu-tohi ko Feletiliki ʻŌninga ʻo pehē ko Lofumení ko ʻene “ngaahi fakakaukaú naʻe hoko ʻo hā mahino ko ha ʻAnapapitaiso ia; ko ia mo e ngaahi kaungāngāue kehe naʻa nau fakafisi ke papitaiso ʻa e kau valevalé.” Naʻá ne maʻu ai ʻa e poupou manakoa ʻi Münster, neongo ko ʻene ngaahi fakakaukau tefitó naʻe fuʻu tōtuʻa ia ki he niʻihi. “Ko e tokolahi ange ʻo e faʻahinga naʻa nau ʻofa ʻi he tuʻunga motuʻá naʻa nau mavahe mei he koló, ʻa ia naʻe fonu ʻi ha ongoʻi taʻefiemālie mo e ongoʻi ʻe hoko mai ha mala. Naʻe ʻaukolo mai ki Münster ʻa e kau ʻAnapapitaiso mei he feituʻu kotoa pē, ʻi he ʻamanaki ke fakahoko ʻenau ngaahi taumuʻá.” Ko e fakatahataha ko eni ʻa e kau ʻAnapapitaisó ʻi Münster naʻe iku ia ki ha meʻa fakalilifu.

Ko Selusalema Foʻou ʻi he Malumalu ʻo e ʻĀkoló

Ko e ongo Hōlani naʻá na hiki ki Münster​—ko ʻIani Mātisi, ko ha tokotaha taʻo mā mei Haarlem pea mo ʻIani Piukelisoni, naʻe ʻiloa ko Sione ʻo Leiden—naʻe iku ʻo na fakahoko ha ngafa makehe ʻi he ngaahi meʻa naʻe hoko aí. Naʻe taukaveʻi ʻe Mātisi ko ha palōfita ia pea fanongonongo ko ʻEpeleli 1534 ko e taimi ia ʻo e hāʻele mai hono ua ʻa Kalaisí. Naʻe talaki ʻa e koló ko Selusalema Foʻou ia naʻe lave ki ai ʻi he Tohi Tapú, pea naʻe hoko ʻa e fakakaukaú ʻo fakaʻapokalipi. Naʻe fakapapauʻi ʻe Lofumeni ko e koloa kotoa pē ʻoku totonu ke maʻu ia ʻe he tokotaha kotoa. Ko e kakai lalahi naʻe nofo he koló naʻe pau ke nau fai ha fili: Ko e papitaiso pe ko e mavahe. Naʻe kau ʻi he fuʻu papitaiso tokolahí ʻa e faʻahinga naʻa nau papi pē ke hao ai mei he pau ke nau mavahe mei honau ʻapí mo ʻenau ngaahi ngaʻotoʻotá.

Ko e ngaahi kolo kehé naʻa nau fakalilifuʻia ʻi he hoko ʻa Münster ko e ʻuluaki kolo ia ʻa ia naʻe hoko ai ʻa e kau ʻAnapapitaisó ko e mālohinga fakalotu mo fakapolitikale fefeka tahá. Fakatatau ki he tohi Die Täufer zu Münster, naʻe ʻomai ʻe he meʻá ni ki “Münster ʻa e fakafili ʻa e ʻEmipaea Loma Māʻoniʻoni fakakātoa ʻo e Puleʻanga Siamané.” Ko ha tokotaha māʻolunga fakalotofonua, ko Pilinisi-Pīsope Nōpele Falanisi voni Voloteki, naʻá ne fakatahatahaʻi ha kau tau ke ne fakatoka ha ʻākolo ki Münster. Ko e kau tau ko iá naʻe faʻu fakatouʻosi ʻaki ʻa e kau Lūtelo mo e kau Katolika. Ko e ongo tui ko ení, ʻa ia naʻá na tuʻu ʻi he ongo faʻahi fehangahangai ʻo e Fakalelei Lotú ki muʻa, pea naʻe vave ʻena fepaki ʻi he Tau Taʻu ʻe Tolungofulú, naʻá na kau fakataha ʻi he ngaahi kongakau fakafepakiʻi ʻo e kau ʻAnapapitaisó.

Fakaʻauha ʻo e Puleʻanga ʻAnapapitaisó

Ko e mālohi ʻo e kau tau ʻākoló naʻe ʻikai te ne fakailifiaʻi ʻa e faʻahinga naʻe maluʻi ʻi loto ʻi he  ngaahi ʻā ʻo e koló. ʻI ʻEpeleli 1534, ʻa ia naʻe pehē ʻe hoko ai ʻa e hāʻele hono ua mai ʻa Kalaisí, naʻe heka ai ʻa Mātisi ki tuʻa mei he koló ʻi ha hoosi hinehina, ʻi he ʻamanekina te ne maʻu ʻa e maluʻi fakaʻotuá. Fakaʻuta atu ki he manavahē lahi ʻa e kau poupou ʻo Mātisí ʻi heʻenau fakasio atu ʻi he funga ʻā ʻo e koló ʻo mamata ki hono hanga ʻe he ngaahi kongakau ʻākoló ʻo tuʻutuʻu kongokonga ʻa Mātisi pea hiki hake hono foʻi ʻulú ʻi ha fuʻu vaʻakau.

Naʻe hoko ʻa Sione ʻo Leiden ko e fetongi ia ʻo Mātisí pea naʻe ui ia ko Tuʻi ʻIani ʻo e kau ʻAnapapitaiso ʻi Münster. Naʻá ne feinga ke fakatonutonu ʻa e taʻemafamafatatau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kakai tangatá mo e fefiné—he naʻe tokolahi ange ʻi he koló ʻa e kakai fefiné ʻi he kakai tangatá—ʻaki hono fakaʻaiʻai ʻa e kakai tangatá ke nau maʻu ha ngaahi uaifi tokolahi ʻo fakatatau ki heʻenau fiemaʻú. Ko ha fakatātā ʻo e tuʻunga tōtuʻa ʻi loto ʻi he puleʻanga ʻAnapapitaiso ʻi Münster, ko e tonó mo e feʻauakí naʻe tautea mate ia, lolotonga ia naʻe fakangofua ʻa e mali tokolahí, naʻa mo hono fakaʻaiʻai. Ko Tuʻi ʻIani tonu naʻá ne maʻu ʻa e uaifi ʻe toko 16. ʻI he taimi naʻe kole ai ha taha ʻo kinautolu, ko ʻIlisapeti Uanasela, kiate ia ha ngofua ke ne mavahe mei he koló, naʻe tuʻusi fakahāhā ai ʻa hono ʻulú.

Naʻe feʻunga ʻa e ʻākoló mo e māhina ʻe 14, ʻo toki iku ʻo kapa ʻa e koló ʻi Sune 1535. Naʻe tofanga ʻa Münster ʻi he fakaʻauha ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai toe sio ʻa e koló ki hano tatau ka ʻi he toki aʻu mai ki he Tau II ʻa Māmaní. Naʻe hola ʻa Lofumeni, ka ko Tuʻi ʻIani mo e ongo ʻAnapapitaiso ʻiloa ʻe toko ua kehe naʻe puke kinautolu, ʻo fakamamahiʻi pea tāmateʻi. Naʻe faʻo honau sinó ʻi ha ngaahi ʻā ʻo hiki ki ʻolunga ke tautau mei he tumuʻaki-tōtao ʻo e Fale Lotu Sā. Lambert. Naʻe fai iá “ke hoko ko ha fakatokanga fakalilifu ki he kau fakatupu moveuveu kotoa pē ʻe malanga haké,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa Seifert. ʻIo, ko e kau noaʻia ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikí naʻe hoko mai ai ha ngaahi nunuʻa mafatukituki.

Ko e hā naʻe hoko ki he ngaahi kolo ʻAnapapitaiso kehé? Naʻe hokohoko atu ʻa e fakatangá ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu lahi ʻi he kotoa ʻo ʻIulopé. Ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau ʻAnapapitaisó naʻa nau pipiki ki heʻenau ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni mavahe mei he ngāue fakakautaú, neongo naʻe ʻi ai ha tokosiʻi naʻe fakafetau. ʻI he faai mai ʻa e taimí, ko e pātele ki muʻa ko Meno Saimone naʻá ne maʻu ʻa e tuʻunga taki ʻo e kau ʻAnapapitaisó, pea naʻe iku ʻo ʻiloa ʻa e kulupú ko e kau Menonaiti pe uiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi hingoa kehe.

Ko e Ngaahi ʻĀ ʻe Tolú

Ko e kau ʻAnapapitaisó ko e kakai anga-fakalotu tefito ia ʻa ia naʻa nau feinga ke pipiki ki he ngaahi tefitoʻi moʻoni Fakatohitapú. Ka ko e kau vakai tōtuʻa fakapolitikale ʻi Münster naʻa nau tataki ʻa e kau ʻAnapapitaisó ke nau liʻaki ʻa e ʻalunga ko iá pea hoko ʻo kau ʻi he ngaahi meʻa fakapolitikí. ʻI heʻene hoko pē iá, naʻe mafuli ai ʻa e kulupú ki ha mālohinga fakaliukava. Naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e fakatamaki ki he kulupu ʻAnapapitaisó pea ki he kolo ko Münster ʻi he kuonga lotolotó.

Ko e kau ʻaʻahi ki he senitā ʻo e koló ʻoku kei fakamanatu ai pē kia kinautolu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakalilifu ko eni naʻe hoko ʻi he meimei taʻu ʻe 500 kuo maliu atú. ʻO anga-fēfē? ʻAki ʻa e ʻā ukamea ʻe tolu ʻa ia ʻoku tautau mei he taua ʻo e fale lotú.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 13]

Naʻe fakamamahiʻi, ʻo tāmateʻi pea tautau ʻa Tuʻi ʻIani mei he tumuʻaki-tōtao ʻo e Fale Lotu Sā. Lambert