Ko e Fāinga ki ha Tohitapu ʻi he Lea Faka-kalisi Fakaeonopōní

Te ke ʻohovale nai ke ʻiloʻi, ʻi Kalisí, ʻa e fonua ʻoku ui ʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ko e tupuʻanga ʻo e fakakaukau tauʻatāiná, ko e liliu ʻo e Tohitapú ki he lea ʻa e kakai lāuvalé kuo hoko ko ha tuʻunga ia ʻo ha fāinga lōloa mo faingataʻa. Ka ko hai te ne talitekeʻi ʻa e faʻu ʻo ha Tohitapu faka-Kalisi faingofua ke mahinoʻi? Ko e hā ʻe loto ai ha taha ke taʻofi iá?

ʻE FAKAKAUKAU nai ha taha ko e kakai lea faka-Kalisí ʻoku nau monūʻia, koeʻuhi ko ha konga lahi ʻo e ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Māʻoniʻoní naʻe tomuʻa tohi ia ʻi heʻenau leá. Neongo ia, ko e lea faka-Kalisi fakaeonopōní ʻoku mātuʻaki kehe ia mei he lea faka-Kalisi ʻo e liliu Sepituakini ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Hepeluú pea mei he Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiané. Ko hono moʻoní, ʻi he ngaahi senituli ʻe ono kuo maliu atú, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai lea faka-Kalisí naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ʻa e faingataʻa ke mahinoʻi ʻa e lea faka-Kalisi faka-Tohitapú ʻo tatau ia mo ha lea muli. Kuo fetongi ʻe he ngaahi foʻi lea foʻou ʻa e ngaahi kupuʻi lea motuʻa angé, pea ko e ngaahi foʻi leá, kalamá, mo e faʻunga sētesí kuo liliu ia.

Ko ha tānekinga ʻo e ngaahi maniusikilipi faka-Kalisí ko hono taimí mei he senituli hono 3 ki he senituli hono 16 ʻoku fakamoʻoni ko ha feinga ia ke liliu ʻa e Septuagint ki ha faʻunga ki mui ange ʻo e lea faka-Kalisí. ʻI he senituli hono tolú, ko Kelekōlio, ʻa e pīsope ʻo Neosesaliá (213-270 T.S. nai), naʻá ne liliu ʻa e tohi Koheletí mei he Septuagint ki he lea faka-Kalisi faingofua angé. ʻI he senituli hono 11, naʻe liliu ai ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻo e Penitātusi Septuagint ki he lea faka-Kalisi fakaʻahó ʻe ha Siu ko hono hingoá ko Topaiasi peni ʻEliesa naʻe nofo ʻi Masitōnia. Naʻe aʻu ʻo ne ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi mataʻitohi faka-Hepeluú koeʻuhi ko e kau Siu Masitōnia ʻa ia naʻa nau lea faka-Kalisi pē kae lautohi ʻi he konga tohi faka-Hepeluú. Ko ha Penitātusi kakato ʻo e fōtunga ko ení naʻe pulusi ia ʻi Konisitanitinopale ʻi he 1547.

Ko ha Maama ʻi he Lotolotonga ʻo e Fakapoʻulí

Hili ʻa e tō ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu lea faka-Kalisi ʻo e ʻEmipaea Paisenitainé ki he kau ʻOtomení ʻi he senituli hono 15, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kakai ʻi aí naʻe liʻekina ʻo masiva ʻi he akó. Ko e Siasi ʻOfotokisií, neongo ʻenau maʻu ʻa e monū lahi ʻi he malumalu ʻo e ʻEmipaea ʻOtomení, naʻá ne tuku taʻetokangaʻi ʻa ʻene tākangá ke nau hoko ko ha faʻahinga māʻulalo naʻe masiva mo taʻeako. Ko e tokotaha faʻu-tohi Kalisi ko Tōmasi Sipeliosí naʻá ne pehē: “Ko e taumuʻa mahuʻinga taha ʻa e Siasi ʻOfotokisií mo ʻene fokotuʻutuʻu fakaeakó ke maluʻi ʻa hono kau mēmipá mei he ngaahi ʻohofi ʻa e fakakaukau faka-ʻIsilamí pea mo e Katolika Lomá. Ko hono olá, ko e tuʻunga ako faka-Kalisí naʻe kiʻi tuʻu.” ʻI ha ʻatimosifia fakapōpōʻuli pehē, ko e faʻahinga tāutaha naʻe ʻofa ʻi he Tohitapú naʻa nau ongoʻi ʻa e fiemaʻu ke tokonaki ki he kakai loto-mafasiá ha fakanonga mo ha fakafiemālie mei he tohi Tohitapu ʻa Sāmé. Mei he 1543 ki he 1835, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi liliu ʻe 18 ʻo e Sāmé ki he lea faka-Kalisi naʻe leaʻakí.

Ko e ʻuluaki liliu faka-Kalisi kakato ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiané naʻe teuteuʻi ia ʻi he 1630 ʻe Mekisimasi Kalipolitesi, ko ha mōnike Kalisi ʻo Kalipolisi. Naʻe hoko eni ʻi he malumalu ʻo e fakahinohino mo e tataki  anga-ʻofa ʻa Sililo Lukalisi, ko e pēteliake ʻo Konisitanitinopale pea naʻe taku ko e tokotaha fakalelei-lotu ʻa e Siasi ʻOfotokisií. Kae kehe, ʻi he lotoʻi siasí, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e kau fakafepaki kia Lukalisi, ʻa ia naʻe ʻikai te nau tali ha ngaahi feinga fakalelei pē pe loto-tatau ki ha faʻahinga liliu pē ʻo e Tohitapú ki he lea naʻe leaʻakí. a Naʻe fakasisina ia ki he mate ʻi he tuʻunga ko ha tokotaha lavaki. Ka neongo ia, ko e tatau nai ʻe 1,500 ʻo e liliu ʻa Mekisimasí naʻe pulusi ia ʻi he 1638. ʻI he tali ki he liliu ko ení, ʻi he taʻu ʻe 34 ki mui aí naʻe fakahaaʻi ai ʻi ha sinoti ʻOfotokisī ʻi Selusalema ko e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú “ʻoku totonu ke lau ia, ʻo ʻikai ʻe ha taha pē, ka ko e faʻahinga pē ʻoku nau fakasio ki he ngaahi meʻa loloto ʻo e laumālié hili hono fai ha fekumi feʻungamālie.” Naʻe ʻuhinga ení ko e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú ʻoku totonu ke lau pē ia ʻe he haʻa faifekau naʻe akó.

ʻI he 1703, ko Selāfimi, ko ha mōnike Kalisi mei he motu ko Lesbos, naʻá ne feinga ke pulusi ha fakaleleiʻi ʻo e liliu ʻa Mekisimasí ʻi Lonitoni. ʻI he ʻikai fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi talaʻofa ki ha tokoni fakapaʻanga mei he mafai pule Pilitāniá, naʻá ne pulusi ai ʻa e fakaleleí ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e paʻanga pē ʻaʻana. ʻI ha talateu kakaha, naʻe fakamamafaʻi ai ʻe Selāfimi ʻa e fiemaʻu ki he “Kalisitiane anga-fakaʻotua kotoa pē” ke ne lau ʻa e Tohitapú, pea naʻá ne tukuakiʻi ʻa e haʻa faifekau tuʻunga māʻolunga ʻo e siasí ki he “holi ke fufū ʻenau tōʻonga koví ʻaki ʻa e hokohoko atu hono ʻai ke taʻeʻilo ʻa e kakaí.” Hangē nai ko ia naʻe ʻamanekiná, ko hono kau fakafepaki ʻOfotokisií naʻa nau puke ia ʻi Lūsia ʻo fakaheeʻi ki Saipīlia, ʻa ia naʻá ne mate ai ʻi he 1735.

ʻI he fakamatala ki he fiekaia lahi fakalaumālie ʻa e kakai lea faka-Kalisí lolotonga ʻa e taimi ko iá, naʻe fai ai ʻe ha faifekau Kalisi ʻa e fakamatala ko ení ʻo fekauʻaki mo ha fakaleleiʻi ki mui ʻo e liliu Mekisimasí: “Naʻe maʻu ʻe he kau Kalisí ʻa e Tohitapu Māʻoniʻoni ko ení, fakataha mo e niʻihi kehé, ʻi he ʻofa mo e holi lahi ki ai. Pea naʻa nau lau ia. Pea naʻa nau ongoʻi naʻe nonga ʻa e mamahi naʻe ʻia kinautolú, pea ko ʻenau tui ki he ʻOtuá . . . naʻe tupulaki.” Kae kehe, ko honau kau taki fakalaumālié naʻa nau manavahē he kapau ʻe mahinoʻi ʻe he kakaí ʻa e Tohitapú, ʻe fakaeʻa leva ai ʻa e kau faifekaú ʻi heʻenau ngaahi tui mo e ngāue taʻefakatohitapú. Ko ia ai, ʻi he 1823 pea toe hoko ʻi he 1826, naʻe tuku atu ai ʻe he pēteliake ʻo Konisitanitinopalé ha tuʻutuʻuni ke tutu ʻa e tatau kotoa pē ʻo e ngaahi liliu Tohitapu ko iá.

Ko ha Tokotaha Liliu Loto-Toʻa

ʻI he puipuituʻa ʻo e fakafepaki kakaha mo e holi fakamātoato ko eni ki he ʻilo faka-Tohitapú, naʻe makape hake ai ha tokotaha tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻa ia te ne fakahoko ha ngafa tefito ʻi hono liliu ʻa e Tohitapú ki he lea faka-Kalisi fakaeonopōní. Ko e tokotaha loto-toʻa ko ení ko Neofitosi Vemivasi, ko ha tufunga lea ʻiloa mo mataotao faka-Tohitapu ongoongoa ia, naʻe vakai lahi ki ai ko e taha ʻo e “Kau Faiako ʻo e Fonuá.”

ʻOku hā mahino naʻe sio ʻa Vemivasi ko e Siasi ʻOfotokisií naʻe tupu mei ai ʻa e taʻeʻilo fakalaumālie ʻa e kakaí. Naʻá ne tui mālohi naʻe fiemaʻu ke liliu ʻa e Tohitapú ki he lea faka-Kalisi naʻe leaʻakí ʻi he ʻaho ko iá, koeʻuhi ke fakaake fakalaumālie ai ʻa e kakaí. ʻI he 1831, ʻi he tokoni ʻa ha kau mataotao kehe, naʻá ne kamata liliu ai ʻa e Tohitapú ki he lea faka-Kalisi mataotaó. Ko ʻene liliu kakató naʻe pulusi ia ʻi he 1850. Koeʻuhi ʻe ʻikai ke tokoniʻi ia ʻe he Siasi ʻOfotokisī Kalisí, naʻá ne ngāue fakataha ai mo e Sōsaieti Tohitapu Pilitānia mo Mulí (British and Foreign Bible Society) (BFBS) ki he tohí mo hono tufaki ʻene liliú. Naʻe ui ia ʻe he siasí “ko ha Palotisani,” pea naʻe vave ʻene iku ko ha tokotaha liʻekiná.

Ko e liliu ʻa Vemivasí naʻe pipiki ofi ia ki he King James Version peá ne maʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga taʻefeʻunga ʻo e liliu ko iá koeʻuhi ko e fakangatangata ʻa e ʻilo faka-Tohitapú mo e ʻilo fakaelea ʻi he taimi ko iá. Neongo ia, ko e meʻa ofi taha ia ʻi he ngaahi taʻu lahi ki ha Tohitapu ʻi he lea faka-Kalisi fakaeonopōní naʻe ala maʻu ʻe he kakaí. ʻOku mahuʻingá, he ʻoku fakakau tuʻo fā ai  ʻa e huafa fakafoʻituitui ʻo e ʻOtuá, ʻi he faʻunga “Ieová.”​—Senesi 22:14; Ekisoto 6:3; 17:15; Fakamaau 6:24.

Ko e hā ʻa e tali fakalūkufua ʻa e kakaí ki he liliú ni mo e ngaahi liliu faingofua kehe ʻo e Tohitapú? Naʻe fiemaʻu lahi fakaʻulia! ʻI ha vaka naʻe mavahe mei he taha ʻo e ngaahi ʻotu motu Kalisí, ko ha tokotaha tuʻuaki Tohitapu ʻa e BFBS “naʻe fakahohaʻasi ia ʻe ha ngaahi vaka naʻe fonu ʻi he fānaú ʻa ia naʻa nau haʻu ki ha [ngaahi Tohitapu], ʻo ueʻi ai ia . . . ke ne fekau ki he kapitení ke mavahe” telia naʻa ʻosi kotoa ʻene utá ʻi ha feituʻu pē ʻe taha! Ka naʻe vave ʻa e ngāue ʻa e kau fakafepakí.

Naʻe fakatokanga ʻa e kau pātele ʻOfotokisií ki he kakaí fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi liliu peheé. Hangē ko ení, ʻi he kolo ko ʻAtenisí, naʻe faʻao ai ʻa e ngaahi Tohitapú. ʻI he 1833, ko e pīsope ʻOfotokisī ʻo Kēlití naʻá ne tutu ʻa e “Ngaahi Fuakava Foʻou” naʻá ne maʻu ʻi ha monasiteliō. Naʻe fufū ha tatau ʻe taha ʻe ha pātele, pea ko e kakai ʻi he ngaahi kolo ofi maí naʻa nau fufū ʻenau ngaahi tataú kae ʻoua ke mavahe ʻa e pīsopé mei he motú.

ʻI ha ngaahi taʻu ki mui ai ʻi he motu ko Corfu, ko e liliu Tohitapu ʻa Vemivasí naʻe tapui ia ʻe he Sinoti Māʻoniʻoni ʻa e Siasi ʻOfotokisī Kalisí. Naʻe tapui ʻa hono fakatau atú, pea ko e ngaahi tatau naʻe ʻi aí naʻe fakaʻauha ia. ʻI he motu ko Chios, Síros, mo Mykonos, ko e fakafili ʻa e haʻa faifekau fakalotofonuá naʻe iku ai ki hono tutu ʻa e Tohitapú. Ka ko e lōmia lahi ange ʻo e liliu Tohitapú naʻe kei tuʻu ia mei muʻa.

Mahuʻingaʻia ha Kuini ʻi he Tohitapú

Lolotonga ʻa e 1870 tupú, ko Kuini ʻOlokā ʻo Kalisí naʻá ne ʻiloʻi ko e kakai Kalisí fakalūkufua naʻe kei siʻi ʻenau ʻilo fekauʻaki mo e Tohitapú. ʻI he tui ko hono ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú ʻe ʻomai ai ʻa e fakafiemālie mo e fakaivifoʻou ki he puleʻangá, naʻá ne feinga ai ke liliu ʻa e Tohitapú ki ha lea faingofua ange ʻi he liliu ko ia ʻa Vemivasí.

ʻI he taʻefakaʻofisialé, naʻe fakalototoʻaʻi ʻa e kuiní ki he ngāue ko ení ʻe he pīsope-pule ʻo ʻAtenisí pea ko e ʻulu ia ʻo e Sinoti Māʻoniʻoní, ko Polokopiosi. Kae kehe, ʻi heʻene tohi kole ki he Sinoti Māʻoniʻoní ki hano tali fakaʻofisialé, naʻe ʻikai ke fakangofua ia. Neongo ia, naʻá ne vilitaki pē, ʻi he fokotuʻu atu ha tohi kole foʻou, ʻo toe fakafisingaʻi tuʻo ua ai pē, ʻi he 1899. ʻI he tukunoaʻi ʻa hono taʻetalí, naʻá ne fakapapauʻi ai ke pulusi ha pulusinga fakangatangata siʻisiʻi ʻi he fakamole pē ʻaʻana. Naʻe fakahoko eni ʻi he 1900.

Kau Fakafepaki Matengataʻa

ʻI he 1901, ko e Acropolis, ko ha nusipepa ʻAtenisi ʻiloa, naʻá ne pulusi ʻa e Kōsipeli ʻa Mātiú naʻe liliu ki he lea faka-Kalisi Mahení ʻe ʻAlekisānita Polisi, ko ha tokotaha liliu naʻe ngāue ʻi Liverpool, ʻIngilani. Ko e taumuʻa mahino ʻa Polisi mo ʻene kau ngāué ke ‘akoʻi ʻa e kau Kalisí’ pea ke “tokoniʻi ʻa e puleʻangá ke fakaakeake” mei heʻene tōlaló.

 Naʻe ui ʻe he kau ako teolosia ʻOfotokisií mo ʻenau kau palōfesá ʻa e liliú “ko hano manukiʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa tauhi fakamanatu mahuʻinga taha ʻa e fonuá,” ko hano fakalieliaʻi ʻa e Tohi Māʻoniʻoní. Ko Pēteliake Soakimi III ʻo Konisitanitinopalé naʻá ne tuku atu ha tohi fakamoʻoni ʻo e taʻeloto ki he liliú. Ko e fekīhiakí naʻe fiemaʻu ki ai ha ngaahi tuʻunga fakapolitikale, pea naʻe ngāueʻaki ia ʻi ha founga mioʻi ʻe he ngaahi faʻahi fepaki fakapolitikalé.

Ko ha tafaʻaki tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻo e nusipepa ʻAtenisí naʻá ne kamata ʻohofi ʻa e liliu ʻa Polisí, ʻi hono ui ʻa hono kau poupoú ko e “kau fakaʻikaiʻi-ʻOtua,” “kau lavaki,” mo e “kau fakafofonga ʻo e ngaahi mafai muli” ʻa ia naʻa nau hehema ki hono ʻai ke ngāvaivai ʻa e sōsaieti faka-Kalisí. Mei Nōvema 5 ki he 8, 1901, ʻi hono fakaʻaiʻai ʻa e ngaahi ʻelemēniti fakakaukau motuʻa ʻa e Siasi ʻOfotokisī Kalisí, naʻe fakamaveuveu ai ʻa e kau akó ʻi ʻAtenisi. Naʻa nau ʻohofi ʻa e ngaahi ʻōfisi ʻo e Acropolis, laka ki he palasí, puke ʻa e ʻUnivēsiti ʻo ʻAtenisí, pea kounaʻi ke fakafisi ʻa e puleʻangá. ʻI he tumutumu ʻo e ngaahi fakamaveuveú, naʻe mate ai ha kakai ʻe toko valu ʻi he ngaahi fepaki mo e kau taú. ʻI he ʻaho hoko maí, naʻe kounaʻi ai ʻe he tuʻí ʻa e fakafisi ʻa Pīsope-Pule Polokopiosi, pea ʻi he ʻaho ʻe ua ki mui aí naʻe tuku hifo ai ʻa e Kapinetí kotoa.

ʻI ha māhina ʻe taha ki mui ai, naʻe toe laka fakahāhā ai ʻa e kau akó ʻo nau tutu fakahāhā ai ha tatau ʻo e liliu ʻa Polisí. Naʻa nau ʻoatu ha tuʻutuʻuni ki hono taʻofi ʻa e tufaki ʻo e liliú ni pea kole ki ha tautea mamafa ki ha feinga pehē ʻi he kahaʻú. Naʻe hoko eni ko ha taumuʻa ke tapui ʻa e ngāueʻaki ʻo ha liliu faka-Kalisi fakaeonopooni pē ʻo e Tohitapú. Ko ha taimi fakapoʻuli moʻoni ia!

“Ko e Folofola ʻa e ʻEiki ʻOku Tolonga ʻo Taʻengata”

Ko e tapui ʻa hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e Tohitapú ʻi he lea faka-Kalisi fakaeonopōní naʻe toʻo ia ʻi he 1924. Talu mei ai, kuo tofanga ʻa e Siasi ʻOfotokisī Kalisí ʻi ha ʻulungia fakaʻaufuli ʻi heʻene ngaahi feinga ke taʻofi ʻa e Tohitapú mei he kakaí. ʻI he lolotonga ní, kuo takimuʻa ai ʻa e Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová ʻi he ako faka-Tohitapu ʻi Kalisí, ʻo hangē ko ia ʻoku nau fai ʻi he ngaahi fonua lahi kehé. Talu mei he 1905, kuo nau ngāueʻaki ʻa e liliu Vemivasí ke tokoniʻi ai ʻa e laui afe ʻo e kakai lea faka-Kalisí ke nau maʻu ʻa e ʻilo ki he moʻoni faka-Tohitapú.

ʻI he faai mai ʻa e ngaahi taʻú, kuo fai ai ʻe he kau mataotao mo e kau palōfesa tokolahi ha ngaahi feinga lelei ke faʻu ha Tohitapu ʻi he lea faka-Kalisi fakaeonopōní. ʻI he ʻahó ni, ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi liliu nai ʻe 30 ʻo e Tohitapú, kakato pe ʻi hono konga, ʻa ia ʻoku lava ke lau mo mahinoʻi ʻe he kakai Kalisi lāuvalé. Ko ha koloa mahuʻinga moʻoni ʻi honau lotolotongá ʻa e liliu faka-Kalisi ʻo e New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, naʻe tukuange mai ʻi he 1997 ke ʻaonga ki he kakai ʻe toko 16 miliona ʻi māmani lahi ʻoku nau lea ʻi he lea faka-Kalisí. ʻI hono faʻu ʻe he Kau Fakamoʻoni ʻa Sihová, ko e liliú ni ʻokú ne fakalea ʻa e Folofola ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻi ha founga faingofua ke lau, mahino, pea pipiki faitōnunga ki he muʻaki konga tohí.

Ko e fāinga ki ha Tohitapú ʻi he lea faka-Kalisi fakaeonopōní ʻokú ne fakatātaaʻi ha foʻi moʻoni mahuʻinga. ʻOkú ne fakahaaʻi mahino neongo ʻa e ngaahi feinga fakafili fakaetangatá, “ko e folofola ʻa e ʻEiki ʻoku tolonga ʻo taʻengata.”—1 Pita 1:25.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 27]

Ko Sililo Lukalisi naʻá ne tataki ʻa e ʻuluaki liliu faka-Kalisi ʻo e Ngaahi Konga Tohitapu Faka-Kalisi Kalisitiane kakató ʻi he 1630

[Maʻuʻanga]

Bib. Publ. Univ. de Genève

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 28]

Ngaahi liliu ki he lea faka-Kalisi ʻoku leaʻakí: Ngaahi Sāmé naʻe pulusi ʻi he: (1) 1828 ʻe ʻIlelioni, (2) 1832 ʻe Vemivasi, (3) 1643 ʻe Sūlianasi. “Fuakava Motuʻá” pulusi ʻi he: (4) 1840 ʻe Vemivasi

Kuini ʻOlokā

[Maʻuʻanga]

Ngaahi Tohitapu: National Library of Greece; Kuini ʻOlokā: Culver Pictures

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo tā ʻi he peesi 26]

Pepailo: Reproduced by kind permission of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo tā ʻi he peesi 29]

Pepailo: Reproduced by kind of The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin