Ko e Kau Uolotenisesí—Mei he Lotu Heé ki he Tui Palotisaní

Ko e taʻu 1545 ia ʻi he feituʻu fakaʻofoʻofa ʻo Provence ko Lubéron, ʻi he fakatonga ʻo Falaniseé. Naʻe fakatahataha ai ha kau tau ke fakahoko ha ngāue fakakautau fakalilifu naʻe fakatupunga ʻe he taʻemakātakiʻi fakalotú. Naʻe hoko ai ha uike ʻo e lingitoto.

NAʻE fakaʻauha ʻa e ngaahi koló, pea naʻe tuku pilīsone pe tāmateʻi ai ʻa e kau nofo ʻi aí. Naʻe fakahoko ai ʻa e ngaahi fakamamahi fakapāpeliane ʻe ha kau sōtia anga-fakamanu ʻi ha tāmate tavale naʻá ne fakatupunga ke tuʻu teteki ai ʻa ʻIulope. Naʻe tāmateʻi ai ha kau tangata nai ʻe toko 2,700, pea naʻe ʻave ʻa e toko 600 ke ngāue ʻi he ngaahi vaka ʻaʻaló, ʻo tānaki atu ki he faingataʻa naʻe hokosia ʻe he kakai fefiné mo e fānaú. Ko e komanitā fakakautau naʻá ne fakahoko ʻa e feingatau lingitoto ko ení naʻe fakavīkivikiʻi ia ʻe he tuʻi Falaniseé pea mo e tuʻitapú.

Ko e Fakalelei-Lotú naʻá ne ʻosi vahevahe ʻe ia ʻa Siamane ʻi he taimi naʻe fai ai ʻe he tuʻi Katolika ko Falanisi I ʻo Falaniseé, ʻi he hohaʻa fekauʻaki mo e mafola ʻa e tui faka-Palotisaní, ha ngaahi fakatotolo fekauʻaki mo e kau lotu hē naʻe taku ʻi hono puleʻangá. ʻI he ʻikai ke ʻilo pē ha ngaahi tuʻunga siʻisiʻi tāutaha ʻo e lotu heé, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe he kau maʻu mafai ʻi Provence ʻa e ngaahi kolo kakato ʻo e kau taʻelototatau fakalotu. Naʻe fakapaasi ai ʻa e tuʻutuʻuni ke fakaʻauhamālie ʻa e lotu hē ko ení pea naʻe iku ʻo fakahoko ia ʻi he tāmate tavale he 1545.

Ko hai ʻa e kau lotu hē ko ení? Pea ko e hā naʻa nau hoko ai ko e faʻahinga naʻe taʻemakātakiʻi anga-fakamālohi fakalotú?

Mei he Koloaʻiá ki he Masiva

Ko e faʻahinga ne tāmateʻi ʻi he tāmate tavalé naʻa nau kau ki ha ngaʻunu fakalotu ʻi he senituli hono 12 pea naʻe kau ai ha feituʻu lahi ʻo ʻIulope. Ko e founga ʻo ʻene mafola pea hao mai ʻi he laui senitulí naʻe ʻai ai ia ke makehe ʻi he ngaahi lēkooti fakahisitōlia ʻo e taʻelototatau fakalotú. Ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau faihisitōliá ʻoku nau loto-tatau ko e ngaʻunú ne kamata ia ʻi he taʻu 1170 nai. ʻI he kolo Falanisē ko Lyons, ko ha mēsianiti tuʻumālie ko hono hingoá ko Voutesi naʻá ne hoko ʻo mahuʻingaʻia lahi ʻi he ako ki he founga ke fakahōifuaʻi ai ʻa e ʻOtuá. ʻI he hangehangē naʻe ueʻi ia ʻe he enginaki ʻa Sīsū Kalaisi ke fakatau atu ʻe ha tangata koloaʻia ʻa ʻene ngaʻotoʻotá ʻo foaki ki he masivá, naʻe fai ʻe Voutesi ʻa e tokonaki fakapaʻanga maʻa hono fāmilí peá ne tukuange leva ʻa ʻene koloá koeʻuhi ke malangaʻi ʻa e Kōsipelí. (Mātiu 19:​16-​22) Naʻe vave ʻene maʻu  ʻa ʻene kau muimui ʻa ia naʻe ʻiloa ki mui ko e kau Uolotenisesí. a

Ko e masivá, malangá pea mo e Tohitapú naʻe tokanga tefito ki ai ʻa e moʻui ʻa Voutesí. Naʻe ʻikai ko ha meʻa foʻou ʻa e fakafepaki fakahāhā ki he koloaʻia lahi ʻa e haʻa faifekaú. ʻI ha taimi, naʻe talatalaakiʻi ai ʻe ha kau taʻeloto ki he haʻa faifekaú ʻa e ngaahi tōʻonga fakameleʻi mo e ngāuehalaʻaki ʻo e mafaí ʻe he siasí. Ka ko Voutesí ko ha tangata ia naʻe ʻikai ko ha faifekau, ʻo tatau pē mo e tokolahi taha ʻo hono kau muimuí. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi taʻetoeveiveiua ʻe he meʻá ni ʻa e ʻuhinga naʻá ne ongoʻi ai ʻoku fiemaʻu ke maʻu ʻa e Tohitapú ʻi he lea ʻa e fonuá, ʻa e lea ʻa e kakaí. Koeʻuhi ko e liliu Tohitapu faka-Latina ʻa e siasí naʻe ala maʻu pē ia ʻe he haʻa faifekaú, naʻe fekauʻi ai ʻe Voutesi ke fai hano liliu ʻo e Ngaahi Kōsipelí mo e ngaahi tohi Tohitapu kehe ki he lea Franco-Provençal, ʻa e lea naʻe mahinoʻi ʻe he kakai lāuvale ʻi he hahake lotoloto ʻo Falaniseé. b ʻI he fai ki he fekau ʻa Sīsū ke malangá, ko e Kau Masiva ʻo Lyons naʻa nau ʻalu ʻi he ngaahi halá ʻo tala ʻenau pōpoakí. (Mātiu 28:​19, 20) Ko e faihisitōlia ko Kepaleli ʻOtesió ʻokú ne fakamatala ko ʻenau kīvoi ʻi he malanga ki he kakaí naʻe hoko ia ko e ʻīsiu mahuʻinga ʻi he vakai ʻa e siasí ki he kau Uolotenisesí.

Mei he Kau Katoliká ki he Kau Lotu Hē

ʻI he ngaahi ʻaho ko iá, naʻe taʻofi pē ʻa e malangá ki he haʻa faifekaú, pea naʻe maʻu ʻe he siasí ʻa e totonu ke foaki ha mafai ke malanga. Naʻe vakai ʻa e haʻa faifekaú ki he kau Uolotenisesí ko e kau taʻepoto mo e taʻeako, ka ʻi he 1179, naʻe kumi ai ʻa Voutesi ki ha mafai fakaʻofisiale ki heʻene malangá meia Tuʻitapu ʻAlekisānita III. Naʻe ʻoange ai ʻa e ngofua​—ka ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e loto ki ai ʻa e kau pātele ʻi he feituʻú. ʻOku fakamatala ʻa e faihisitōlia ko Malekamu Lamipetí ko e meʻá ni “naʻe meimei tatau pē ia mo ha fakaʻikaiʻi fakaʻaufuli.” Ko e moʻoni, naʻe tapui ʻe he Pīsope-Pule ko Soni Pelesimēnisi ʻo Lyons ʻa e malanga ʻa e faʻahinga ʻoku ʻikai kau ki he haʻa faifekaú. Naʻe tali ki ai ʻe Voutesi ʻaki ʻene lave ki he Ngāue 5:​29 (PM): “Oku totonu e mau talagofua ki he Otua i he tagata.” ʻI he ʻikai te ne fai ki he tapuí, naʻe tuʻusi ai ʻa Voutesi mei he siasí ʻi he 1184.

Neongo naʻe kapusi ʻa e kau Uolotenisesí mei he taiosisi ʻo Lyons pea tuli mei he koló, ʻoku hā ngali ne ʻikai ke fakamālohiʻi ʻa e ʻuluaki fakahalaiaʻí ʻi ha tuʻunga. Ko e tokolahi ʻo e kakai lāuvalé naʻa nau leleiʻia ʻi he kau Uolotenisesí ʻi heʻenau faitotonú mo e founga moʻuí, pea naʻa mo e kau pīsopé naʻe hokohoko atu pē ʻenau lea kia kinautolú.

Fakatatau ki he faihisitōlia ko ʻIeni Kameloni, ʻoku hā ko e kau malanga Uolotenisiá naʻe ʻikai te nau “fakafepaki ki he Siasi Lomá ʻi hono tuʻungá.” Naʻa nau “fakaʻamu [pē] ke malanga mo faiako.” ʻOku pehē ʻe he kau faihisitōliá ne iku ʻa e ngaʻunú ʻo tataki ki he lotu heé ʻe ha holongā ʻo e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ʻa ia naʻá ne fakavaivaiʻi hokohoko mo fuoloa kinautolu. Ko e ngaahi fakahalaia ʻa e siasí naʻe ʻi hono tumutumú ʻi he tapui naʻe ʻoatu ki he kau Uolotenisesí ʻe he Kosilio Latelani Hono Faá ʻi he 1215. Naʻe anga-fēfē hono uesia ʻe he meʻá ni ʻenau malangá?

Naʻa Nau Ngāue Fakapulipuli

Naʻe mate ʻa Voutesi ʻi he taʻu 1217, pea naʻe fakamovetevete ʻe he fakatangá ʻa hono kau muimuí ki he ngaahi teleʻa ʻAlapaini ʻo Falaniseé, Siamane, fakatokelau ʻo ʻĪtalí, mo ʻIulope Lotoloto  pea mo ʻIulope Hahake. Naʻe toe fakatupunga ʻe he fakatangá ʻa e kau Uolotenisesí ke nau nofo ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻutá, pea naʻe fakangatangata ʻe he meʻá ni ʻenau ngaahi ngāue fakamalangá ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu lahi.

ʻI he 1229, naʻe fakaʻosi ai ʻe he Siasi Katoliká ʻene tau Kaluseti mo e kau Kefelí, pe kau ʻAlipikenisisí, ʻi he fakatonga ʻo Falaniseé. c Ko e kau Uolotenisesí naʻe hoko atu ki ai ʻa e ngaahi ʻohofi peheé. Naʻe vave ke fakahanga taʻetoemeesi ʻa e Fakaʻekeʻeke ki he kau fakafepaki kotoa ki he siasí. Naʻe fakatupunga ʻe he manavaheé ʻa e kau Uolotenisesí ke nau ngāue fakapulipuli. ʻI he aʻu mai ki he 1230 naʻe ʻikai ai te nau kei malanga fakahāhā. ʻOku fakamatala ʻa ʻOtesio: “ʻI he ʻikai ke ō ʻo kumi ha fanga sipi foʻoú . . . , naʻa nau līʻoa ki hono tokangaʻi ʻa e kau uluí ʻo tauhi kinautolu ʻi heʻenau tuí neongo ʻa e tenge mo e fakatanga mei tuʻá.” ʻOkú ne tānaki mai “naʻe kei fiemaʻu pē ʻa e malangá ka naʻe liliu fakaʻaufuli ʻa hono faí.”

Ko ʻEnau Ngaahi Tuí mo e Ngāué

ʻI he ʻikai ke ʻai fakatouʻosi ʻa e kakai tangatá mo e kakai fefiné ke kau ʻi he ngaahi ngāue fakamalangá, ʻi he aʻu mai ki he senituli hono 14, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe he kau Uolotenisesí ha fakafaikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau malangá mo e kau tuí. Ko e kau tangata pē naʻe akoʻi leleí naʻa nau kau he taimi ko iá ʻi he ngāue fakafaifekaú. Ko e kau faifekau fefonongaʻaki ko ení naʻe hoko ʻo ʻiloa kinautolu ki mui ko e kau barbes (fanga faʻē-tangata).

Ko e kau barbes, ʻa ia naʻa nau ʻaʻahi ki he ngaahi fāmili Uolotenisiá ʻi honau ngaahi ʻapí, naʻa nau ngāue ke tauhi ke moʻui ʻa e ngaʻunú kae ʻikai ko hono fakamafola ia. Ko e kotoa ʻo e kau barbes naʻa nau malava ʻo lautohi mo tohi, pea ko honau akoʻí, ʻa ia naʻe feʻunga mo e taʻu ʻe onó, naʻe fakahanga ia ki he Tohitapú. Ko hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e Tohitapú ʻi he lea ʻa e fonuá naʻe tokoniʻi ai kinautolu ke nau fakamatalaʻi ia ki heʻenau ngaahi tākangá. Naʻa mo e kau fakafepakí naʻa nau fakahaaʻi ko e kau Uolotenisesí, ʻo kau ai ʻenau fānaú, naʻa nau maʻu ha sivilaise faka-Tohitapu mālohi pea naʻe lava ke nau lave ki ha ngaahi konga lalahi ʻo e ngaahi Konga Tohitapú.

ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e ngaahi meʻa kehé, ko e muʻaki kau Uolotenisesí naʻa nau fakafisingaʻi ʻa e loí, pulekatolió, ngaahi Misa maʻá e kau maté, ngaahi fakamolemole mo e ngaahi ʻitulisēsia fakasiasí, pea mo e lotu kia Mele mo e “ngaahi sangató.” Naʻa nau toe fai ha ngaahi fakamanatu fakataʻu ʻo e Kai Efiafi ʻa e ʻEikí, pe ko e ʻOhomohe Fakaʻosí. Fakatatau kia Lamipeti, ko ʻenau founga lotú “ko hono moʻoní, ko e lotu ia ʻa e tokotaha lāuvale ʻikai ko e faifekau.”

“Ko ha Moʻui Lōua”

Ko e ngaahi kolo ʻo e kau Uolotenisesí naʻa nau fehokotaki vāofi ʻaupito. Naʻe mali ʻa e faʻahinga tāutaha ʻi loto ʻi he ngaʻunú, pea ʻi he faai mai ʻa e ngaahi senitulí, naʻe tupu mei ai ʻa e ngaahi hingoa fakafāmili faka-Uolotenisia. Kae kehe, ʻi heʻenau faitau ke haó, naʻe feinga ʻa e kau Uolotenisesí ke fufū ʻenau ngaahi fakakaukaú. Ko e fakapulipuli naʻe fekauʻaki mo ʻenau ngaahi tuí mo e ngaahi ngāue fakalotú naʻe ʻai ai ke faingofua ki he kau fakafepakí ke nau fai ha ngaahi tukuakiʻi hulu fau ʻo kau kia kinautolu, hangē ko ení, ʻo nau pehē ʻoku nau kau ʻi he lotu faka-Tēvoló. d

Ko e founga ʻe taha naʻe fakafepakiʻi ʻaki ʻe he kau Uolotenisesí ʻa e ngaahi tukuakiʻi peheé ko e fakangaloku mo fai ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ui ʻe he faihisitōlia ko Kameloní ko e “liliu siʻisiʻi” ki he lotu Katoliká. Naʻe kofesio ʻa e kau Uolotenisesi tokolahi ki he kau pātele Katoliká, maʻu ʻa e Misá, ngāueʻaki ʻa e vai tapú, pea aʻu ʻo nau ō ʻi he ngaahi fononga pilikimí. ʻOku pehē ʻe Lamipeti: “ʻI he ngaahi meʻa lahi, naʻa nau fai ia ʻo hangē pē ko hono fai ʻe honau ngaahi kaungāʻapi Katoliká.” ʻOku fakahaaʻi hangatonu ʻe ʻOtesio ʻi he faai mai ʻa e taimí, naʻe “moʻui ai ʻi ha moʻui lōua” ʻa e kau Uolotenisesí. ʻOkú ne tānaki mai ki ai: “ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, naʻa nau tōʻonga ki he faʻahinga kotoa ʻi tuʻá ʻo hangē ha kau Katoliká ke maluʻi honau tuʻunga melinó; ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, naʻa nau fai ha ngaahi ouau mo e ngaahi tōʻonga pau ʻia kinautolu ʻa ia naʻe fakapapauʻi ai ʻoku kei hokohoko atu ʻa e ʻi ai ʻa e feohiʻangá.”

Mei he Lotu Heé ki he Tui Faka-Palotisaní

ʻI he senituli hono 16, naʻe liliuʻi lahi ʻe he Fakalelei-Lotú ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e lotu ʻi ʻIulopé. Ko e faʻahinga naʻe maʻukovia ʻi he taʻemakātakiʻí naʻe hala pē ʻi heʻenau kumi ki ha fakaʻatā fakalao ʻi  honau fonuá tonu ko ʻenau hiki ʻo kumi ha ngaahi tuʻunga ʻoku lelei angé. Naʻe toe hoko ai ʻa e foʻi fakakaukau ki he lotu heé ʻo siʻi ʻa ʻene mahuʻingá, koeʻuhi naʻe kamata ke fehuʻia ʻe he fuʻu kakai tokolahi ʻa e tokāteline fakalotu kuo fokotuʻú.

ʻI he konga ki muʻa ʻo e 1523, ko e Tokotaha Fakalelei-Lotu ʻiloa ko Mātini Lūteló naʻá ne lave ai ki he kau Uolotenisesí. ʻI he 1526, ko e taha ʻo e kau barbes Uolotenisiá naʻá ne ʻomai ki he Alps ʻa e ongoongo fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi ngaʻunu fakalotu ʻi ʻIulopé. Naʻe hoko atu he meʻá ni ha vahaʻa taimi ʻo e fetongi ʻa ia naʻe fevahevaheʻaki fakakaukau ai ʻa e ngaahi feohiʻanga Palotisaní mo e kau Uolotenisesí. Naʻe fakaʻaiʻai ai ʻe he kau Palotisaní ʻa e kau Uolotenisesí ke nau fakapaʻanga ʻa e ʻuluaki liliu ʻo e Tohitapú mei he muʻaki ngaahi leá ki he lea faka-Falaniseé. ʻI hono pulusi ʻi he 1535, naʻe ʻiloa ia ki mui ko e Tohitapu Olivétan. Neongo ia, ko e meʻa fakaolí, he ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau Uolotenisesí naʻe ʻikai lava ke nau mahinoʻi ʻa e lea faka-Falaniseé.

ʻI he hokohoko atu ʻa e fakatanga mei he Siasi Katoliká, naʻe nofo ai ʻa e fuʻu kau Uolotenisesi tokolahi ʻi he feituʻu Provence malu ange ʻo e fakatonga ʻo Falaniseé, ʻo hangē pē ko e kau Palotisani naʻe hiki atu ki he fonuá. Naʻe vave ʻa e ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau maʻu mafaí ʻa e hiki atu ko ení. Neongo ʻa e ngaahi līpooti lelei lahi fekauʻaki mo e founga-moʻui pea mo e ngaahi ʻulungaanga lelei ʻo e kau Uolotenisesí, naʻe fehuʻia ʻe he kakai ʻe niʻihi ʻenau mateakí pea tukuakiʻi kinautolu ki he hoko ko ha fakamanamana ki he tuʻunga māú. Naʻe tukuange mai ʻa e tuʻutuʻuni Mérindol, ʻo iku ai ki he lingitoto fakalilifu naʻe lave ki ai ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e kupu ko ení.

Naʻe hokohoko atu ʻa e hōloa ʻo e ngaahi vā ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau Katoliká mo e kau Uolotenisesí. ʻI he tali ki he ngaahi ʻohofi naʻe fai mai kia kinautolú, naʻe aʻu ʻo kumi tokoni ʻa e kau Uolotenisesí ki ha mālohi fakakautau ke maluʻi ʻaki kinautolu. Naʻe teke ai ʻe he vākovi ko ení kinautolu ki he tafaʻaki ʻa e kau Palotisaní. Ko ia ai, naʻe kau ai ʻa e kau Uolotenisesí mo e tākiekina tefito ʻo e tui faka-Palotisaní.

ʻI he faai mai ʻa e ngaahi senitulí, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi siasi Uolotenisiá ʻi he ngaahi fonua mamaʻo mei Falanisē hangē ko ʻUlukuei mo e ʻIunaite Seteté. Kae kehe, ko e tokolahi taha ʻo e kau faihisitōliá ʻoku nau loto-tatau mo ʻOtesio, ʻa ia ʻokú ne pehē ko e “tui faka-Uolotenisiá naʻe hoko ʻo ngata ia ʻi he taimi ʻo e Fakalelei-Lotú,” ʻi hono “mimisi” ʻe he tui faka-Palotisaní. Ko hono moʻoní, ko e ngaʻunu faka-Uolotenisiá kuo mole ʻa e tuʻunga lahi ʻo ʻene muʻaki faivelengá ʻi he ngaahi senituli ki muʻa angé. Naʻe hoko ia ʻi he taimi naʻe liʻaki ilifia ai ʻe hono kau mēmipá ʻa e malanga mo e faiako naʻe fakahanga ki he Tohitapú.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Mape/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 23]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻú, sio ki he tohi)

Ngaahi Feituʻu naʻe tākiekina ʻe he Kau Uolotenisesí

FALANISĒ

Lyons

PROVENCE

Lubéron

Strasbourg

Mīlani

Loma

Pēlini

Prague

Viena

[Fakatātā]

Fakapaʻanga ʻe he kau Uolotenisesí ʻa e liliu ʻo e Tohitapu Olivétan ʻi he 1535

[Maʻuʻanga]

Tohitapú: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Pālesi

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 20, 21]

VOUTESI

Ko hono tutu ʻo e ongo fefine Uolotenisia taʻumotuʻa

[Maʻuʻanga]

Peesi 20 mo e 21: © Landesbildstelle Baden, Karlsruhe