Sifundani Endalweni?

“Yeke ngibawa ubuze iinlwana zizokufundisa; Neenyoni zomkayi zizokutjela. Namkha bukela iimbunjwa zephasi zizokufundisa; Neenhlambi zelwandle zizokutjela.”​—JOBHO 12:7, 8.

EMINYAKENI yamva nje, abososayensi nabatlami bafunde izinto ezinengi eenlwaneni neentjalweni. Bafunde bebalingisa umtlamo weenlwana ezithileko, okumkhakha owaziwa ngokuthi yi-biomimetics, ngomnqopho wokwenza izinto ezitjha nokuthuthukisa indlela imitjhini esele ikhona esebenza ngayo. Njengombana ucabanga ngeembonelwezi, zibuze, ‘Ngubani ekufuze simbuke ngemitlamo le?’

Esikufundako Emaphikweni Womkhomo

Khuyini abantu abatlama iimphaphamtjhini abangayifunda emkhomeni? Kunengi khulu. Umkhomo okhulileko ungalingana nobudisi obupheze bube mathani ama-30 njengelori elayitjhe umthwalo omnengi begodu unomzimba oqinileko oneempiko ezikulu. Nanyana umamitha ali-12, umkhomo uhlakaniphe khulu ngemanzini. Ngokwesibonelo, lokha nawufuna ukudla, uvuthela amabhamuza atjhinga phezulu ekubeni nawo ngesikhathi esifanako uyaduda utjhinge phezulu ngesizunguzungwani ngaphasi kwesilwana semanzini ofuna ukusibamba. Amabhamuza la ayahlangana enze inede engaba mamitha ayi-1.5 ubude, abuthelele iinlwana zemanzini ezincani ngaphakathi kwawo. Ngemva kwalokho, umkhomo ugomojele ukudla kwawo.

Okurara abarhubhululi kukuthi isilwana esinomzimba oqine kangaka sikghona njani ukuzombeleza indawo encani nanyana sisikhulu. Bafumene ukuthi ifihlo isendleleni amaphiko womkhomo enziwe ngayo. Umphetho wamaphikwayo awutjheleli njengamaphiko wesiphaphamtjhini kodwana afana nesarha begodu anomjeje weembotjana eziphuma umoya.

Njengombana umkhomo ududa, iimbotjana eziphuma umoyezi ziwuphakamisela phezulu bona ungavinjwa mamanzi. Kwenzeka njani lokho? Incwadi i-Natural History ihlathulula ukuthi iimbotjana eziphuma umoyezi zenza amanzi akhambe phezu kwamaphiko womkhomo ngendlela ehlelekileko, nanyana ungajama njani. Ngathana umphetho wamaphiko la bewutjhelela, bengekhe ukghone ujika isizunguzungwani ngendlela owenza ngayo ngombana amanzi bekazokudengezela bekajike isizunguzungwani ngemva kwamaphiko begodu angakghoni ukuwusa phezulu.

Okufunyenwekokhu bangakusebenzisaphi? Amaphiko weemphaphamtjhini atlanywe ngendlela le azokutlhoga amaphiko ambalwa namkha ezinye izinto ezizokubangela bona siphaphele phezulu namkha phasi. Amaphiko anjalo angekhe abe nengozi begodu kuzokuba bulula bona alungiseke. Isazi se-Biomechanics u-John Long sikholelwa ukuthi ngelinye ilanga “sizokubona iimphaphamtjhini ezinengi zinamaphiko aneembobo ezikhipha umoya njengewomkhomo.”

Ukulingisa Amaphiko We-seagull

Kuliqiniso ukuthi amaphiko weemphaphamtjhini asuselwe emaphikweni weenyoni. Nanyana kunjalo, abatlami bathuthukisa indlela abalingisa ngayo amaphiko weenyoni. Umbiko we-New Scientist uthi: “Abarhubhululi beYunivesithi yeFlorida bakhe isiphaphamtjhini esisibonelo, ositjhayela ungasi ngaphakathi kwaso sinekghono lokulingisa inyoni yemanzini nayiphaphako, nayingena ngemanzini nalokha iphaphela phezulu msinya.”

Ama-seagull enza iimdlalo ekarisako emoyeni ngokobana avule godu avale amaphikwawo. Kulingiswa indlela yamaphiko we-seagull alawuleka bulula, “isiphaphamtjhini esimasentimitha ama-60 sisebenzisa umtjhini omncani ukulawula iinsimbi ezenza amaphiko akghone ukusikinyeka.” Iphephandabeli nalinabako lithi amaphiko wesiphaphamtjhinesi atlanywe ngokuhlakanipha asivumela ukuthi sikghone ukuphapha hlangana nemakhiwo emikhulu. Amajoni wemoyeni azimisele ukwenza isiphaphamtjhini esilawuleka bulula esizokukghona ukuya nanyana kukuphi bona basisebenzisele ukurhubhulula amakhemikhali namtjhana iinkhali emadorobheni amakhulu.

Ukulingisa Iinyawo Zakamarhorhombayi

Abantu bangafunda okunengi eenlwaneni zehlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, isibhadwa esincani esibizwa ngokuthi ngumarhorhombayi sinekghono lokukhwela amaboda lokukakarela ephahlenelo siqale phasi. Ngitjho neenkhathini zeBhayibheli, umarhorhombayi bekaziwa ngalo ikghono lakheli elikarisako. (IzAga 30:28) Iyini ifihlo kamarhorhombayi yokujamelana namandla adosela phasi?

Ikghono lakamarhorhombhayi lokubambelela ezintweni ezitjhelelako liseboyeni obuseenyaweni obubizwa ngokuthi yi-setae. Iinyawo zakamarhorhombayi azikhiphi i-glue. Kunalokho, zisebenzisa amandla amancani we-molecule. Ngebanga lamandla abogabogako aziwa ngokuthi yi-van der Waals, ama-molecule amabili wezinto ezingafaniko ayahlangana. Esikhathini esinengi, amandla adosela phasi ayawahlula amandla we-van der Waals, okwenza kungakghoneki bona sikhwele iboda ngokuthi sibeke izandla zethu kilo. Nanyana kunjalo, ama-setae akhulisa ilingaphandle lakhe elizokuthintana neboda. Amandla we-van der Waals, azibuyelela kanengi elingaphandleni le-setae leenyawo zakamarhorhombayi.

Okufunyenwekokhu bangakusebenzisaphi? Itjhila elenziweko kulingiswa iinyawo zakamarhorhombhayi lingasetjenziswa esikhundleni se-Velcro, okungenye yezinto ezenziwe zisuselwa endalweni. a Incwadi i-The Economist yadzubhula umrhubhululi munye akhuluma ngesalatheybhi esenziwe kulingiswa i-setae kamarhorhombayi “singasiza khulu emkhakheni wezokulapha lapho kungakghoneki khona bona kusetjenziswe amakhemikhali.”

Ngubani Ekufuze Abukwe?

I-National Aeronautics and Space Administration yakha irobodo elineenyawo ezinengi elikhamba njengofezela begodu abatlami be-Finland sele bayenzile itregela eneenyawo ezisithandathu ekghona ukudlula nanyana ngisiphi isiqabo ehlangana naso ngendlela inunwana ekulu engenza ngayo. Abanye abarhubhululi batlame itjhila elikghona ukuvuleka nokuvaleka njenge-pinecone. Ikhampani eyenza iinkoloyi yenza ikoloyi efana nefesi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-boxfish. Kanti abanye abarhubhululi bahlola ukwakheka kwamaqephe we-abalone, okwenza bona neyibethekako ingalimali, ngomnqopho wokwakha iimvikelo zomzimba ezilula neziqinileko.

Kwenziwe izinto ezinengi khulu zisuselwa endalweni kangangokuthi abarhubhululi beze nemininganwana etjhoko ukuthi kesinye nesinye isilwana kukopiselwe ini. I-The Economist ithi “lokha abososayensi nabanemiraro, bangakghona ukubuyela emininingwaneni abayenzileko emalungana nemvelo bona bafune iinsombululo zemiraro abanayo.” “Izinto eziphilako zibanikazi” bemininingwana etjhoko ukuthi kesinye nesinye isilwana kukopiselweni. Ngokujayelekileko, umnikazi wokuthileko yikampani namtjhana mumuntu onikelwa igunya elingokomthetho njengomnikazi womtjhini awenzileko namtjhana umbono eze nawo. Abarhubhululi nebathi “‘izinto eziphilako zibanikazi’ beembono yezinto ezenziweko ekususelwa kiwo izinto ezenziwako, kwamambala bagandelela bona indalo imnikazi.”

Kuza njani bona imvelo ibe nemibono ehlakaniphe kangaka? Abarhubhululi abanengi bathi imitlamo ehlakaniphileko le ibufakazi bokuziphendukela kweemvelo okuthethe iminyaka eminengi. Nanyana kunjalo, abanye abarhubhululi banemibono ehlukileko. Ephephandabeni i-The New York Times lango-2005, isazi esirhubhulula ngezinto ezincani eziphilako u-Michael Behe satlola sathi: “Ubufakazi obuqinileko bomtlamo [endalweni] busenza siphethe ngokuthi nangabe into etlanyiweko ibonakala, ikhamba beyilile njengedada, singaphetha ngokuthi lidada.” Siyini-ke isiphetho sakhe? “Akukafuzi siyeqisele amehlo into nangabe siyabona ukuthi iyafana nenye.”

Akunakuzaza ukuthi umtlami owenza amaphiko wesiphaphamtjhini aphephileko nangabizi kangako kufuze abukwe ngomsebenzakhe. Ngendlela efanako, umsunguli webhanditjhi engasebenziseka kanengi namkha wetjhila elihle lokwenza izambatho namkha wekoloyi esebenza kuhle kufuze abukwe ngomsebenzakhe. Kuhlekuhle, ikhamphani ekopa umtlamo kodwana ingavumi namkha ibuke umtlami loyo, ingaqalwa njengeyenza ubulelesi.

Kghani iyezwakala na kuwe indaba yokuthi abarhubhululi bakopele indalo bona basombulule imiraro abanayo bese bathi koke lokhu kungebanga lokuziphendukela kwemvelo? Nengabe into eyenziweko itlhoga umuntu ohlakaniphleko, kuthiwani-ke ngento ekususelwa kiyo? Kwamambala, ngubani ofanelwe lidumo khulu, sisebenzi esinekghono namtjhana mfundi olingisa into eyenziwe sisebenzi esinekghono?

Isiphetho Esizwakalako

Ngemva kokubuyekeza ubufakazi bokobana ukhona umuntu owenza imvelo, abantu abanengi bavumelana namezwi womrhubi athi: “Qala bona minengi kangangani imisebenzakho Jehova! Yoke uyenze ngokuhlakanipha. Iphasi lizele ngokwenzileko.” (IRhubo 104:24) Umtloli weBhayibheli uPowula wafikelela esiphethweni esifanako nakathi: “Ngombana ubuntu bakhe [uZimu] obungabonakaliko bubonakala kusukela ekudalweni kwephasi kuye phambili, bubonakala ngezinto ezenziweko, ngitjho namandlakhe angapheliko nobuZimu bakhe.”​—Roma 1:19, 20.

Nanyana kunjalo, abantu abanengi abahlonipha iBhayibheli nabakholelwa kuZimu bayayiphikisa indaba yokuthi uZimu usebenzise ukuziphendukela kwemvelo bona enze imvelo ehle kangaka. Lifundisani iBhayibheli?

[Amabala angaphansi]

 [Umkhangiso osekhasini 5]

Kuza njani bona imvelo ibe nemibono ehlakaniphe kangaka?

 [Umkhangiso osekhasini 6]

Ngubani umnikazi wemvelo?

 Ibhokisi /​Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Nengabe into eyenziweko itlhoga umuntu ohlakaniphileko, kuthiwani-ke ngento ekususelwa kiyo?

Isiphaphamtjhini esilawuleka bulula silingisa amaphiko we-seagull

Iinyawo zakamarhorhombayi azibi feyila, azitjhiyi umtlhala, zikakarela nanyana kukuphi ngaphandle kwalapha kune-Teflon khona, begodu ziyakakarela bezisuke ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla. Abarhubhululi balinga ukuzikopela

Indlela umzimba weboxfish otjhelela nonzinza ngayo wenza abantu abenza iinkoloyi bona benze ikoloyi efana nayo

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Isiphaphamtjhini: Kristen Bartlett/ IYunivesithi ye-Florida; inyawo lakamarhorhombayi P. Kent; i-box fish nekoloyi: Mercedes-Benz USA

 [Ibhokisi /​Isithombe ekhasini 8]

ZIHLAKANIPHE KHULU BONA ZIZINQOPHISE LA EZIYA KHONA

Iinlwana ezinengi “zihlakaniphe khulu” bona zizinqophise zona ePhasini. (IzAga 30:24, 25) Cabanga ngeembonelo ezimbilezi.

◼ Ikghono Labotjhontjhwana Lokungatjhayisani abotjhontjhwana ababuya ukuyokufuna ukudla bayifumana njani indlela yokubuyela emgodinabo? Abarhubhululi be-United Kingdom bafumene ukuthi abatjhontjhwana abatjhiyi umnuko kwaphela endleleni abakhamba kiyo, kodwana basebenzisa neembalo ukwakha umtlhala ozobasiza nababuyela emva. Ngokwesibonelo, i-New Scientist ithi abotjhontjhwana “batjhiya umtlhala ovela emgodinabo ongalingana ne-angle ema-50 kuya kwema-60 degrees.” Khuyini ekarisako ngomtlhala lo? Lokha utjhontjhwana nakabuyako ulandela umtlhala ozowenza afike bulula emgodinakhe. Isihlokwesi nasinaba nendaba sithi “Umtlhala omedwe kuhle lo uthuthukisa ukukhamba ngokuhleleka kwabotjhontjhwana khulukhulu lokha abotjhontjhwana nabakhamba ngeendlela ezimbili eziphambanako, nokuthi bangamorosi amandlabo ngokuthi bathathe indlela ekungasiyo.”

◼ Ibalazwe leeNyoni Iinyoni ezinengi zikhamba amabanga amade nangaphasi kobujamo bezulu obungafaniko ngaphandle kokulahleka. Kwenzeka njani lokho? Abarhubhululi bafumene ukuthi iinyoni zisebenzisa ama-Magnetic field wephasi bona zingalahleki. Incwadi i-Science ithi “Imida yama-Magnetic field yephasi iyahluka kuye ngendawo begodu ayihlali ikhombe ngeTlhagwini.” Khuyini ebangela iinyoni ezifudukako bona zingalahleki? Iinyoni zibamba ngehloko ukutjhinga kwaqobe langa. Njengombana ukutjhinga kwelanga kutjhuguluka kuye ngeenkhathi zonyaka, abarhubhululi bacabanga ukuthi iinyoni kufuze bona zazi amatjhuguluko la ngokuthi “zisebenzise ukuhlakanipha okuzitjela bona zikusiphi isikhathi somnyaka,” kutjho i-Science.

Ngubani ofundise utjhontjhwana bona azwisise iimbalo? Ngubani onikele iinyoni ibalazwe, ukuhlakanipha nobukghoni bokuzwisisa imininingwana le? Kghani kuziphendukela kwemvelo okungakahlakaniphi? Namkha nguMdali ohlakaniphileko?

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© E.J.H. Robinson 2004