parmeshvar ka vachan vaakai aaj tak kaayam hai, iske baavjood ki na to ibrani aur araami shastra * ki, na hi yoonani shastra ki shuroo ki koi bhi hastalipi aaj tak bachi hai. par hum kyon pakka yakeen rakh sakte hain ki aaj hamare haath mein jo bible hai usmein sachmuch vahi likha hai jo shuroo mein parmeshvar ne apni prerna se likhvaya tha?

aaiye pehale ibrani shastra ke baare mein dekhein. ismein aaj bhi vahi sandesh milta hai jo shuroo mein likha gaya tha. iski ek vajah hai ki purane zamane mein parmeshvar ne yah dastoor thehraya tha ki shastra ki nakalein taiyar ki jaayen. * misal ke liye, yahova ne hukm diya tha ki israel ka har raja apne liye kaanoon ki kitab ki ek nakaal taiyar kare. (vyavasthavivran 17:18) iske alava, parmeshvar ne leviyon ko zimmedari di thi ki woh kaanoon ki kitab sambhaalkar rakhein aur logon ko sikhaya karein. (vyavasthavivran 31:26; nahemayah 8:7) fir jab yahoodi log bandhuai mein baibilon gaye to iske baad nakaal-naveeson ya shaastriyon ka ek samooh bana (jinhein soferim bhi kehte hain) jo shastra ki nakalein taiyar karta tha. (ejra 7:6, footnotee) vakt ke chalte un shaastriyon ne ibrani shastra ki 39 kitabon ki dheron nakalein taiyar kin.

sadiyon tak shaastri bade hi dhyan se in kitabon ki nakalein taiyar karte rahe. fir madhya yug (kareeb eesvi san 500 se 1500) mein is parampara ko yahoodi shaastriyon ke ek aur samooh ne jaari rakha jinhein masora shaastri kaha jaata tha. ibrani shastra ki jo hastalipiyaan aaj uplabdh hain unmein sabse purani hastlipiyon ko leningrad codex kaha jaata hai. poore ibrani shastra ki in hastlipiyon ko masora shaastriyon ne taiyar kiya tha aur ye eesvi san 1008/1009 ke samay ki hain. lekin san 1950 ke aas-paas ke saalon mein mrit saagar ke paas kuch kharre mile jinmein bible ki kuch 220 hastalipiyaan aur uske kuch tukde the. ye hastalipiyaan leningrad codex se 1,000 saal se bhi zyada purani hain. jab mrit saagar ke paas mile kharron ki tulna leningrad codex se ki gayi to ek aham baat saamne aayi. woh yah ki mrit saagar ke paas mile kharron aur leningrad codex ke beech bhale hi shabdon mein thoda-bahot fark hai fir bhi donon ek hi jaankari dete hain.

maseehi yoonani shastra ki 27 kitabon ke baare mein kya? ye kitabein yeeshu maseeh ke kuch preshiton aur shuroo ke kuch chelon ne likhi thi. yahoodi shaastriyon ki tarah shuroo ke maseehi bhi in kitabon ki nakalein taiyar karte the. (kulussiyon 4:16) romi samrat daayakaleeshan aur doosron ne shuroo ke maseehiyon ki saari hastalipiyaan nasht karne ki koshish ki thi, magar fir bhi hazaron hastalipiyaan aur unke tukde hamare dinon tak mehfooz hain.

maseehi yoonani shastra ka doosri bhaashaon mein bhi anuvad kiya gaya tha. shuroo mein jin pracheen bhaashaon mein bible ka anuvad kiya gaya tha unmein se kuch hain, aarmeeniyan, koptik, ithiyopik, jorjiyan, laateeni aur seeriyai.

bible ki purani hastlipiyon ki jo nakalein taiyar ki gayi thi, woh sab shabd-ba-shabd ek jaisi nahin hain. to fir hum kaise jaan sakte hain ki shuroo mein jab bible ki kitabein likhi gayin to unmein kya jaankari thi?

is saval ka javab jaanne ke liye ek misal leejiye. ek teacher 100 vidyarthiyon se kehta hai ki woh falaan kitab ka ek adhyay shabd-ba-shabd likhein. baad mein agar woh kitab gum ho jaaye, to bhi un 100 vidyarthiyon ne jo nakalein taiyar ki hain unki aapas mein tulna karke pata lagaya jaa sakta hai ki kitab ke us adhyay mein asal mein kya likha tha. ho sakta hai ki vidyarthi nakalein taiyar karte vakt kuch galtiyaan karein, magar yah naamumkin hai ki sabhi vidyarthi ek jaisi galtiyaan karein. usi tarah bible ki kitabon ki jo hazaron hastalipiyaan aur unke tukde aaj uplabdh hain, unki aapas mein tulna karne par vidvan pata laga sakte hain ki un nakalon ko taiyar karte vakt kaun-si galtiyaan hui thi aur mool paath mein asal mein kya likha tha.

kya hum poora yakeen rakh sakte hain ki bible ke mool paath mein jo baatein darz thi woh hum tak sahi-sahi pahunchayi gayi hain? ibrani shastra ke paath ke baare mein vidvan william h. green ne kaha, “hum poore daave ke saath keh sakte hain ki aisi koi aur pracheen kitab nahin jise bina kisi ferbadal ke hum tak sahi-sahi pahunchaya gaya ho.” maseehi yoonani shastra ke baare mein, jise aksar naya niyam kaha jaata hai, bible ke vidvan f. f. bruce ne likha, “purane zamane ke mashhoor lekhkon ki aisi kai rachnayen hain jinki sachchai par saval uthane ke baare mein koi sapne mein bhi nahin soch sakta, magar un rachnaon ke mukable hamare naye niyam ki kitabon ke sach hone ke saboot kahin zyada hain.” unhonne yah bhi kaha, “agar naye niyam ki kitabein dhaarmik kitabein nahin hotin to unki sachchai par shaayad hi koi shak karta.”

ibrani paath: angrezee mein ibrani shastra ka nayi duniya anuvad (1953-1960) taiyar karne ke liye rudolf kittel ke biblia hebraica paath ka istemal kiya gaya tha. iske baad ke saalon mein ibrani paath ke naye sanskaran taiyar kiye gaye jo biblia hebraica stuttgartensia aur biblia hebraica quinta kehlate hain. mrit saagar ke paas mile kharron aur doosri pracheen hastlipiyon ke adhyan se haal mein jo jaankari mili woh bhi un donon sanskranon mein shaamil ki gayi. in sanskranon mein leningrad codex ko mukhya paath mein daala gaya hai, saath hi iske footnotee mein doosri hastlipiyon se mili jaankari di gayi hai, jaise saamri panchagranth, mrit saagar ke paas mile kharre, yoonani septuagint, araami taargam, laateeni vulgate aur seeriyai peshitta. angrezee mein nayi duniya anuvad ka naya sanskaran taiyar karte vakt biblia hebraica stuttgartensia aur biblia hebraica quinta ki madad li gayi.

yoonani paath: 19vin sadi ke aakhir mein vidvan b. f. wescott aur f.j.a. hort ne us samay uplabdh bible ki hastlipiyon aur unke tukdon ki tulna karke yoonani shastra ka ek maanak paath taiyar kiya. yah paath unke hisab se mool hastlipiyon se kaafi milta-julta hai. san 1950 ke aas-paas ke saalon mein ‘nayi duniya bible anuvad samiti’ ne wescott aur hort ke is maanak paath ke aadhar par yoonani shastra ka ek anuvad taiyar kiya tha. saath hi, samiti ne kuch purani papairas hastlipiyon ki bhi madad li thi. maana jaata hai ki ye papairas hastalipiyaan eesvi san doosri aur teesri sadi ki hain. iske baad ke saalon mein kai aur papairas hastalipiyaan bhi milin. yahi nahin, nestle aur aland aur ‘united bible societies’ ne bhi apne maanak paath taiyar kiye jinmein vidvanon ki khojbeen se mili sabse taaza jaankari di gayi hai. is khojbeen ki kuch jaankari nayi duniya anuvad ke naye angrezee sanskaran mein shaamil ki gayi hai.

in sabhi maanak paathon ko dekhne par saaf ho jaata hai ki maseehi yoonani shastra ke purane anuvadon (jaise king james version) mein di gayi kuch aaytein darasal parmeshvar ki prerna se likhe shastra mein kabhi nahin thi, balki baad mein shaastriyon ne nakalein taiyar karte vakt unhein apni taraf se jod diya tha. aajkal ki kai baaibalon mein in aayton ka anuvad nahin kiya gaya hai par baaki aayton ki sankhya usi kram ke anusar rakhi gayi hai jo 16vin sadi mein thehraya gaya tha. woh aaytein hain, matti 17:21; 18:11; 23:14; markus 7:16; 9:44, 46; 11:26; 15:28; luka 17:36; 23:17; yuhanna 5:4; preshiton 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29 aur romiyon 16:24. is bible mein ye aaytein hata di gayi hain aur un par footnotee diya gaya hai.

yah saaf hai ki markus 16 (aayat 9-20) mein di lambee aur chhoti samapti saath hi, yuhanna 7:53–8:11 ki aaytein mool hastlipiyon mein nahin thi. isliye in nakali aayton ka is bible mein anuvad nahin kiya gaya hai.

zyadatar vidvanon ka maanna hai ki kuch aayton ko falaan tareeke se likhna chahiye taaki woh mool paath se poori tarah mel khaayen. isliye is bible mein un aayton ko mool paath ke mutabik sudhaara gaya hai. misal ke liye, kuch hastlipiyon ke mutabik matti 7:13 mein yah likha hona chahiye: “sankre faatak se andar jaao kyonki chauda hai woh faatak aur khula hai woh raasta, jo vinash ki taraf le jaata hai aur us par jaanevale bahot hain.” angrezee nayi duniya anuvad ke pichhle sanskaran mein “woh faatak” shaamil nahin kiya gaya tha magar naye sanskaran mein ise shaamil kiya gaya hai. is tarah aur bhi kai sudhaar kiye gaye hain. lekin ye sudhaar chhote-mote shabdon ko lekar hain aur inse parmeshvar ke vachan ka khaas sandesh nahin badalta.